SMA (Smooth Muscle Antigen) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

SMA (Smooth Muscle Antigen) - Research Paper Example The name smooth muscle comes from the fact that these muscles do not have the banded appearance of skeletal or cardiac muscles. The third group is the cardiac muscles that serve to pump blood through the human body. Cardiac muscles, like the smooth muscles, are controlled involuntarily (Zimmermann, 2014). Several forms disease could affect smooth muscles as shown in the charts below (Elgaddar, 2013). When antigens such as bacteria or viruses attack smooth muscle, the body’s immune system produces antibodies to counter the antigen. Every antibody produced is unique, to defend against one type of antigen. In rare cases, antibodies are produced to attack the body’s own healthy cells. These are called auto antibodies and the person has an autoimmune disorder (Blocka, 2012). The most common smooth muscle disease is hepatitis or inflammation of the lever. Hepatitis types A and B are usually self-limiting. Most cases that require clinical studies are of hepatitis C. When a physician diagnoses smooth muscle problems, the first test he recommends is a test for hepatitis. The hepatitis virus itself cannot be detected in a test. When the virus is present, the human system produces antibodies which can be identified and serve as an indicator for presence of the infection. The Anti-Smooth Muscle Antibody or ASMA test is performed on a blood sample drawn from a vein in the arm of the person (Blocka, 2012). Smooth muscle antibodies were first identified in patients with chronic hepatitis, other liver diseases, viral infections, certain cancers and female infertility. SMA is a heterogeneous group of antibodies reactive with different smooth muscle auto antigens. Different SMAs give different immunofluorescent staining patterns which help the laboratory to identify the SMA (Toh, 1979). The history of the person for whom ASMA test is being administered is of relevance in the conduct of tests and interpretation of results. Hepatitis C is often associated

Education System India Essay Example for Free

Education System India Essay Education is a co-current state level subjects and under the Indian Constitution education is made a Fundamental Right and Directive Principles of State Policy further needed free education and other facilities to children. There is no discrimination among the people on the basis of religion, caste or creed/faith etc. However, the minorities are given right to run their own educational institutions with financial aid from Government and they are free to introduce their religion, language in their institution. Education is compulsory and free upto primary standard. Indian education system has a wide structure and the educational institutions can introduce the education or learning pattern as below VA years in pre-nursery schools, in the primary schools upto V class or so. Education is further upgraded upto 10+2 system where the examinations are conducted by the Board at 10 and 12. Thereafter, students are free to choose the courses of their own at any stage, i.e. primary, secondary, senior secondary level. Schools are of different levels. Local Boards run the schools upto Primary, V standard, both in mother tongue and English medium. Thereafter the schools may upgrade themselves upto X known as Secondary schools. They can also be upgraded upto 12, called Senior Secondary schools. The education is a co-current (state level) subject and the Central Government cannot interfere in their functioning. As such schools are pre- primary, pre-nursery, then primary, secondary and senior secondary run both by the private bodies as well as by Government. Indian schools are not as well organised as they are expected. Private/Public school charge high fee and have control on their institution. They only need the registration by the Centre/State Government or their Bodies and Management. While the Education Department has a loose control over these Private/ Public Schools government has its own schools where the normal fee is charged and the students belong with poor section of society. Overall the condition of government schools is pathetic. At state level School Education has its own organisational set up. Under this democratic set up Education Deptt is supported by the Minister of Education who has a Secretary of Education to supervise the Department with the help of Director Education who belongs to I.A.S. cadre of service. The Department is further divided into districts Deputy, Joint Directors to look after the working of schools. Under the educational system Central Board Secondary Education (C.B.S.E) is set up to maintain, the quality in Education and provide minimum qualification of the teaching staff and other necessary requirement for the school and conduct the Exams 10 and 12 standard. It has a control over both Public Private and Government Schools. After the exam; issues certificates of 10th and 12th class/standard this student who passed the Examination. C B.S.E. has its office in New Delhi. Under the Education system to keep the hi standard of Education and to maintain to quality Education an independent body is set up known N.C.E.R.T. that is National Council of Educatio n Research and Training with its Headquarters at N Delhi. This institution published textbooks for t school on all subjects and has a panel of specialists its list. The books are to be taught at schools in t country. It also conducts the competitive examination at all India level for the talent search from primary lei upto graduation and provides stipend or sponsors to that highly talented students. Teachers are the backbone of the educational system in India. Government has set up a permanent body for the selection of the teachers known as N.C.T. i.e. National Council of Teachers Education. It conducts the training and selection of the teachers and provides certificate/degree for the teachers which are an essential qualification for the teachers who seek the employment in teaching schools known as B.Ed, or Shastri education. MIEPA in set up by the Government to look after the administration and planning of education in the country the body is known as National Institute of Educational Planning and Administration. It looks ail the work of the educational /teaching/administration under the ministry of HRD an autonomous body. Kendriya Vidyalay Organisation (KVO) was set up under the Education Ministry, Government of India, New Delhi. It established 10+2 system in schools all over the country for the Government employees who use to effect posted or transferred in the country. It is good for the Central Government employees and schools are run on the medium of English from primary to twelfth standard. State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT) are set up in all the states to look after the training and research work on the lines of NCERT which is at all India level. Its refresher courses, even modifies the curriculum of the schools and textbooks arc written for the secondary level standard in the state. It also arranges seminars, discusses and refresher courses for the teaching staff. There are a number of educational institutions at the District level. A Distt. Officer/ Inspector of schools looks after the educational institutions in his/her district. He/She also coordinates the different activities upto the Commissioner, State level in each district. Under this scheme, a college (Inter) 10+2 on the Government expenses is to be spent in each District and other schools are under his observation. Besides, a training centre for Primary teachers, or other refresher courses also opened in the district. The recruitment institute for the teachers, examination centers and the Boards offices are also on the line, such as Minorities schools. Local educational institutions play an important role in the area of education. As our country is poor and cannot afford the heavy expenses of Educational institutions, local education bodys arc allowed opening their schools and Government recognizes these institutions at par with the Government institutions. Minority institutions have their own schools with their own expenses or Government grants in-aid. But they fill the gap and help the Government to reduce its burden.

Political Subjectivity Theories Analysis

Political Subjectivity Theories Analysis Power, Freedom, Justice: Explorations in Political Subjectivity Reflective Logs: The purpose of this paper is to reflect on how the following thinkers studied in the module engaged with Kant`s conception of subjectivity. I will address the following thinkers and topic in my reflective logs: Arendt, Berlin, Fanon, Marcuse, Foucault, Habermas, Rawis, MacIntyre, Rorty, and New Materialism. Immanuel Kant – Sapere AudeDate: 21st January 2014 Kant in his work â€Å"What is Enlightenment?† argues that â€Å"Enlightenment is man`s release from his self-incurred tutelage† (Kant, 1784). He means that one can only become enlightened when they find the courage to think/reason without the help of others. Hannah Arendt – Vita ActivaDate: 22nd January 2014 Hannah Arendt is truly one of the most significant thinkers of the 20th century, and one of the most influential to me in political subjectivity. The German born thinker introduces the term â€Å"vita activa† into political subjectivity. She differentiates between three basic human activities: â€Å"labour, work, action† (Arendt, 2000 p: 167-181). These conditions are necessary for a human being in order to live a life on earth. Labour is defined as the biological practice of the body, and it is a significant necessity of life. Work maintains a world that is â€Å"artificial† (Arendt, 2000), which is highly differentiated from every day’s environment. Action is defined by her as the ongoing activity that is not interfered by other things, and she connects this to the plurality of the human position. Arendt suggests that labour is repetitive, which is never ending, while work has an actual beginning and an end. While action is ongoing as revealing who we are has a beginning but no end. Because of this reasoning Action becomes immortal in her view. Arendt moves forward from the view of Kant as she develops thought to action while Kant`s view is based on reflective reasoning. Isaiah Berlin –Negative and Positive FreedomDate: 5th February 2014 Berlin`s biggest contribution to political subjectivity was his paper on the differentiation of two concepts of liberty. He distinguishes between positive freedom and negative freedom. He defines â€Å"negative freedom† as â€Å"freedom from† (Berlin, 1969 p.2), which implies the absence of pressure put on a human being by others. He describes positive freedom on two ways: Firstly, as â€Å"freedom to† (Berlin, 1969, p.8.) to be able to reach and seek one`s wished goals. Secondly, as being independent, and ruling one`s self without depending on other beings â€Å"the freedom which consists in being one`s own master† (Berlin, 1969, p. 8.) Even though, the basic notion of distinguishing different freedoms goes back to the time of Kant, Berlin further develops these notions, and he became the first to outline the ongoing debate. Berlin also contradicts the views of Arendt`s, even though he also believes that it is important that a line to be â€Å"drawn betw een the area of private life and that of public authority† (Berlin, 2002:171). While Arendt is a supporter of the freedom in the public sphere, Berlin`s freedom is based on the private sphere, as for him being free is â€Å"to the degree which no man or body of men interferes with my activity† (Berlin, 2002:169). Maurice Merleau-Ponty – EmbodimentDate: 12th February 2014 Maurice Merleau-Ponty argues that a human being cannot isolate himself/herself from the public realm and from the perceptions of the world. He suggests that the actions of an individual are guided by experiences, and subjectivity is established through the body and life experiences of a human being. Merleau-Ponty does not agree with the concept that â€Å"thinking subject can absorb into its thinking or appropriate without remainder the object of its thought†, and that â€Å"our being can be brought down to our knowledge† (Merleau-Ponty, 1962:72). For him freedom is a state of consciousness where personal actions and responsibilities can be chosen from a variety of possibilities. For him freedom is every time provided within a field of possibilities. He suggests that freedom is always an option for the being in every situation, unless we give up ourselves and our belonging to the situation. He also goes against the views and arguments of Kant and Descartes who â€Å"de tached the subject, or consciousness, by showing that I could not possibly apprehend anything as existing unless I first of all experienced myself as existing† (Merleau-Ponty, 1962:x). It is because to Merleau-Ponty it is only through the body that he â€Å"understand other people, just as it is through my body that I perceive `things`† (Merleau-Ponty, 1962:216). Herbert Marcuse – Agency and StructureDate: 19th February 2014 Marcuse in his print One-Dimensional Man offers a different approach to political subjectivity. In his post-Marxist view he criticise the modern world and its contemporary capitalism. He addresses the industrial society, and he blames this capitalist industrialised civilisation for the loss of freedom. Reasonable democratic unfreedom prevails in advanced industrial civilisation (Marcuse, 1964:1). He suggests that the capitalist world produced a reality with created needs which eventually turned human beings into consumers and producers. This is shaped through the media, the management of consumption and contemporary modes of thought regarding what to consume (Marcuse, 1964). He argues that this results in the loss of the freedom of the individual and the loss of critical thought and the loss of oppositional behaviour. He also worries about the working class as they integrate into capitalist world, hence about the disappearance of the revolutionary Marxist society who fights capitalis m and the capitalist West. Michel Foucault – Subject and PowerDate: 26th February 2014 The main focus for Foucault has been on the connection between the subject and power. He argues that by power people are turned into subjects (Foucault, 1982:777). For Foucault subjectivity is viewed as a way to exercise power above others. This is demonstrated through the idea of the Panopticon where in the designed prison, prisoners would not be able to tell whether they are being watched or not. Therefore, they assume that they are being observe hence they act differently while under the assumption of observation. He acknowledges the component of fairly enlightened changes in the way of imprisonment, however he argues that these new method of punishment evolves into the new way in which society is controlled to punish less, perhaps; but certainly to punish better (Foucault, 1977:109). Schools, hospitals and other central significant buildings are being based on the following model. Therefore, he argues that this relationship enters the private by escalating from the public, and tu rning individuals into subjects. Foucault also tries to question and shape the values and elements of Kants Enlightenment via a discussion which should be used as a form of practice, and as motivation to change the way individuals think and act today. Jà ¼rgen Habermas – Communicative FreedomDate: 5th March 2014 Habermas takes the centre of the attention to language and to forms of communication. His term for this is lifeworld communications (Habermas, 1987, p.297). He suggests that this communicative sphere has a vital influence on ones private and public self. Unlike Foucault for Habermas reason must be acknowledged as social. While Foucaults subjectivity is the production of forces of power, Habermas believes that communication in the context of discussion enables individuals to demonstrate their positions in a mutual way. Habermas strongly believes that language and communication can alter the world, subjectivity and also freedom. A man from his private sphere can communicate their choices to the public sphere through the tools of communication and speech, while they also listen to the preferences of other private individuals. Habermas has been influence by Kant and Kants ethics, however he argues that his ethical concept is the improved version of the Kantian one. He does not agree with every point of Kant, such as the dual framework of his ethics. For Habermas, morals emerge from discussions which are fundamental due to their logic, instead of their freedom. John Rawls – Social JusticeDate: 12th March 2014 John Rawls is one of the thinkers who has been most influenced by Immanuel Kant. He proposes that a just society is the society that could be fair to all individuals universally. He created a new concept on justice. He mixes the elements of the philosophy of Kant and Utilitarianism in order to create a new method for the judgement of private and public institutions. Rawls proposes the idea of the usage a veil of ignorance (Rawls, 1999:11). Behind this veil, every individual is incapable of knowing anything about themselves, resulting in rational, free and equal individuals. He then argues that these rational individuals would create a society where mostly two principles would be most significant and fundamental: Principle of Liberty and Principle of Difference. Principle of Liberty is mainly Kantian in the sense that it offers primary and common respect to every individual as the minimum principle for every just establishments. The other one promotes inequality and believes that it w ill serve every individual for the better. Alasdair MacIntyre – Justice in Plural SocietiesDate: 19th March 2014 MacIntyre has been one of the major critics of Kant and those who are basing their theories on the Kantian model. He believes that the moral views and theses of Kant, Rawls and other thinkers are condemned to fail as they used the old irrational dialects of morality. These thinkers are doomed to decline as they share certain characteristics that are deriving from their eminently distinct historical background (MacIntyre, 1985). He claims that the theory of Rawls that is based on the individual and was influenced by the Kantian model does not realise the significance of the community as such. He suggest that the community has a major impact on the life of the individual and it is only possible to create a just society in the public sphere. As he puts it â€Å"a society is composed of individuals, each with his or her own interest, who then have to come together and formulate common rules of life† (MacIntyre, 1981: 232-233). He completely refuses to accept the Rawls-Kantian noti on where society is inferior and the individual is primary. He reaffirms that â€Å"the relationship between me, my social identity, and my good will preclude †¦ re-evaluation† (MacIntyre, 1982:664). Richard Rorty  ­Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Justice as a Larger Loyalty Date: 26th March 2014 Rorty is quiet alike MacIntyre, in the sense that individuals have different identities which pose an influence on the behaviour and actions of the individual. Although his thesis is based on the behaviour of public loyalty to certain companies. He realises the limitations of Kant`s foundationalist theory. He suggest that these theories are like mythological stories where the human brain as such was limited. He believes that it is wise to get rid of the â€Å"residual rationalism that we inherit from the Enlightenment† (Rorty, 2001:235). His main reason for this is that the elimination of rationalistic rhetoric would allow Western countries to purse the Non-Western areas â€Å"in the role of someone with an instructive story to tell, rather than in the role of someone purporting to be making better use of a universal human capacity (Rorty, 2001: 235). Finally, he argues that most of the philosophical debates are unnecessary and the centre of attention should not lay on the tr uth but rather on the betterment of humans. New Materialism Date: 2nd April 2014 New Materialism and the writer of the article, William Connolly draws upon some self-organizing preservation which provide assistance in the foundation of our world. These relating biological, geological and climate systems are seriously undervalued in today`s neoliberal economic markets. The reading engages with many influential thinkers and philosophers such as Immanuel Kant, Deacon, Foucault and Hayek. New-materialism reinvents and rethinks the ideology of freedom. Connolly in the reading encourages the left to take back the state and not to relinquish it. Conclusion Date: 2nd April 2014 To conclude, political subjectivity has been a very interesting module to attend in the last semester of my studies. I realised by the end of this tasks that each week my understanding of the different thinkers have developed significantly through the material provided by the module leader. I have discovered new thinkers in the module and broadened my vision of political subjectivity. It raised some serious questions and discussions which seems to be a never-ending position while individuals have their own ideas. Bibliography: Alasdair MacIntyre (1985) After Virtue, chapter 15, Duckworth, pp. 205-225 Arendt, H. (1958) The Human Condition, University of Chicago Press. Arendt, H. (1970) On Violence, Harvest Books. Arendt, H. (2007) ‘Introduction into Politics’. In The Promise of Politics, ed. Kohn, J. Schocken Books Herbert Marcuse (1964) One-Dimensional Man, Routledge Immanuel Kant (1784) ‘What is Enlightenment?’ Isaiah Berlin (1969) ‘Two Concepts of Liberty’. In Four Essays on Liberty, Oxford University Press Oxford John Rawls (2004) ‘On Justice as Fairness’. In Clayton and Williams (eds) Social Justice, Blackwell, pps. 49-84, extracts from (1999) Theory of Justice, (revised edition), Harvard University Press (pps. 6-9, 10-19, 52-58, 61-73, 130-39) Jà ¼rgen Habermas (1987) ‘An alternative Way out of the Philosophy of the Subject: Communicative versus Subject-Centred Reason’. In The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity, MIT Press (pps. 294-326) Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1958; reprinted 2003) ‘Freedom’. In Phenomenology of Perception, Routledge, pp. 504-530 Michel Foucault (1977) ‘Panopticism’. In Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prisons Richard Rorty (2001) ‘Justice as a Larger Loyalty’. In Festenstein, M. Thompson, S. (eds.), Richard Rorty Critical Dialogues, Polity Press, pps. 223-237 William Connolly (2013) ‘The New Materialism and the Fragility of Things’, Millennium Journal of International Studies, Vol. 41, I. 3, pp. 399-412.

Melting Pot of America :: essays research papers

Melting Pot of America Migrations As Population grew during the Paleolithic period, people wanted more space to live a roam about. Since they didn’t have a stable place to live, they were always moving and finding better places. Evidence indicates that the first peoples to migrate into America, coming from northeastern Siberia into Alaska (the Bering Straits), were carrying stone tools during Paleolithic period. They lived in groups of about 100. They used skin tents for shelter. They were nomadic, moving camp several times each year to take advantage of seasonal sources of food. Groups gathered a couple times a year to trade and gather valuable information that could be obtained about new sources of food or raw materials. It led families to move into new territory, eventually into Alaska and then farther south into the Americas. Evidence from the study of Native American languages, and materials, suggest that these earliest migrations may have taken place around 30,000 years ago. Bone tools, founded in Canada , have been discovered that have been radiocarbon-dated to 22,000 BC. Early Population It is estimated that at the time of first European contact, North and South America was inhabited by more than 90 million people: about 10 million in America north of present- day Mexico; 30 million in Mexico; 11 million in Central America; 445,000 in the Caribbean islands; 30 million in the South American Andean region; and 9 million in the remainder of South America. These population figures are a rough estimate (some authorities cite much lower figures); exact figures are impossible to ascertain. When colonists began keeping records, the Native American populations had been drastically reduced by war, famine, forced labor, and epidemics of diseases introduced through contact with Europeans. Europeans reactions Early Europeans were welcomed by the Native Americans to America. Native Americans viewed the visitors in amazement because of their clothing, ships, their technology (steel knives and swords, guns, mirrors, kettles) and other items unusual to the way of life of Native Americans. The ultimate goal for the Europeans was God, Gold, Glory, and it is because of this that ruined the good relationship between Europeans and the Natives. In the end the Europeans would overpower the Natives and would ultimately take their gold, have their glory, and make them believe in their god. Religion Most Native Americans believe that in the universe there exists an Almighty.

Animal Farm Essay

I believe that the animals’ lives have not changed significantly from the beginning Animal Farm to the end of it. Life for the farm animals in the novel Animal Farm, by George Orwell, started out dreary, short, and somewhat hopeless. By the end of the book, the humans have been chased out of their farm, but the animals are now led by the pigs. However, the pigs have slowly progressed to become just like the humans, so the living conditions of the animals have not changed. Their leaders remain the same kind of creatures through the book, whether pig or human, because their behavior is so similar. The lives of the animals are harsh and unforgiving from the beginning of the book to the end of the book. The farm animals were oppressed by the parasitical humans, who beat and starved them, but also profited from them. The humans (Mr. Owens specifically) have superintendence over the animals and force them to work long hours with little sustenance, despite the fact that the animals are far from indefatigable. Mr. Owens is an inebriate, and sometimes to forgets to feed them at all. After they are too old to work (such as in the case of horses), or reach a certain age (in the case of the pigs), the animals are sent to be slaughtered. Through all his cruelty, Mr. Owens benefits from the animals’ hard work. The animals rebel against the humans after the pigs (led by Snowball) canvas support for the revolution, and the animals’ living conditions improve for a short while. After Snowball is chased out, Napoleon takes over and slowly increases their working hours and decreases their food. He maintains the illusion that the animals will be offered retirement after they have reached a certain age. However, Boxer is sent to be made into glue after he is hurt and unable to work anymore, rather than being sent to a hospital like Napoleon claims. The pigs also have whips which they carry around. In this way, the animals are still being beaten, starved, and slaughtered in a contemptible way. Their daily lives have not changed significantly. The similarities between the pigs and humans also support my opinion that the animals’ lives do not change much from the beginning of the book to the end. The pigs and humans both are important to the animals, since they control every aspect of their lives. Mr. Owens, the owner of the farm at the beginning of the book, was a greedy, cruel farmer. He beat and starved the animals and worked them extremely hard. Compared to their work, he did almost nothing, drinking in his home instead. After Mr. and Mrs. Owens and all the other humans are chased off the farm, the animals take over the farm, with the pigs in charge. Although Snowball is a fair leader at first, he is chased off by Napoleon. Napoleon was already planning his machinations quite early on, and his plan to get complete power works. He works the animals harder than ever, and their rations are quite low. While the animals are toiling, the pigs are free to gambol about and do as they please. By the end of the book, the pigs have begun walking on two legs, sleeping in beds, wearing clothes, carrying whips, and drinking alcohol. These are all human characteristics. Therefore, the beings with control over the animals’ lives have changed little. Both Napoleon and Mr. Owens are selfish, ruthless beings who care only for their own profit. From the beginning to the end of Animal Farm, the farm animals are (excluding the pigs) treated badly. Their lives are work-filled, tough, and short. Although the farm changes hands from the humans to their fellow farm animals (pigs), their lives do not improve significantly for the better. In the end, they are actually worse off. The pigs and humans are similar in their behavior, attire, and selfish wishes. I do not think their lives overall have changed significantly over the course of the novel, because their treatment and leaders are roughly the same. Their lives stay mostly the same, because those two things almost completely control their lives.

Meat Vending Business Plan

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Business Name:WENDORS Meat Vending Business Address:BISU Bilar Campus – Zamora, Bilar, Bohol Nature of Business:Meat Vending Form of Ownership:Sole Proprietorship Proponents: Wendell Doria VISION A high quality business that forefronts in providing excellent services to the customers and to be one of the top most well known producer of meat not just in our town but all over Bohol and the Philippines. MISSION To satisfy the customers needs and keeping the strong relationship with the customers as well as improving the services we offer. GOALS 1.Maintain the good reputation of the business. 2. To meet the reasonable net profit by the end of the year. 3. To meet the highest satisfaction rate from the customers. 4. To offer the best quality meat. Business overview Meat offers valuable nutrients including protein, iron, zinc and b vitamins. (according to the American meat institute. ) Your body needs proteins to build healthy muscles, bones and skin as well as pro duce hormones and synthesize vitamins . Meat provides you with home-iron a type of iron that is easier for your body to absorb and not found in non meat sources like veggies and beans.Zinc helps your immune systems function properly while the B vitamins group helps regulate the immune systems an release energy. Pork is the edible flesh of domesticated hog or pig. It is the meat from the pig/swine/hog meant to be eaten fresh. Consumption of pork in moderate quantities is helpful in gaining energy. It is good for skin, eyes, nervous system, bones and mental performance. Intake of pork also ensures better immunity to body due to presence of essential antioxidants. The colours of the meat and the fat of pork are regarded as more appetizing, while the taste and smell are described as sweeter and cleaner.It is also considered easier to digest. In rural tradition, pork is shared to celebrate important occasion and to form bonding. Pork is a choice of protein that can satisfy both the gourm and and diet-conscious consumer. Pork has been a very popular source of food all through antiquity. Pork isn't fatty meat – in fact, it's one of the leanest meats available. Pork is also an important source of iron, zinc and protein. Pork is a food choice that is just as good for little ones as for adults and teenagers.Its high nutritional value contributes to kids' higher need for proteins, minerals and vitamins throughout their growth, and reinforces their immune system. Following are some the significant nutritional facts with regard to pork: * Pork has a high mineral content of Phosphorus, Selenium, Sodium, Zinc, Potassium and Copper. * The two minerals which are present in good quantities are Iron and Magnesium, while Calcium and Manganese are found in traces only. * Pork is highly enriched with Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12, Thiamine, Niacin, Riboflavin and Panatothenic Acid.However, Vitamin A and Vitamin E are found in very small amounts. MARKETING ASPECT Market Situation Po rk is in high demand especially in the school days since the target market are the restaurants, faculty and staff, students, canteen and household consumers in and out of the school campus. The restaurant owners are of high percentage of demand because the students prefer to buy viands in the restaurants and canteen in every meal than cooking for their own. And because of that, they are in need of pork for their additional menu as their source of income as well. Market NeedsThe project provides consumers quality pork and lechon that suit their daily intake. This aims to fulfil the benefits important to consumers. It will also provide quality, leaner and fresh pork as a staple food and delivers once a week to the target market that the venture would be a steady supplier Target Market The target market are those individuals who would like to eat meat. The possible customers are restaurant owners, canteen, faculties and staff, students, household customers who are willing to buy and pa y at a reasonable price. Target Demand Figure 1. Target Demand Supply of Raw MaterialsThe owner will purchase pig weighing 60-110 kgs for every slaughter from family backyard raisers and Carmen Public Market every week. To assure for a steady supply, the venture will find a steady supplier and purchase it three days before the operation. Supply of the Proposed Product The WENDORS vending business will supply once a week to the target market like restaurant and canteen, specifically every Tuesday for regular schedule. The venture also accepts orders.. Product Offering The proposed meat vending will sell pork and other parts. It will be deliver directly to the target market .The main target markets are the restaurant owners and canteen, faculty and staff. It will also offers by-products of pork such as the head, intestines, liver and feet. Marketing Strategy The venture applies some strategy in marketing the product. The most risky of putting up this kind of business is the collection of sales. The business cannot assure of 100% cash even though that the venture will make a policy that it should be in cash basis. So the venture will allocate an amount in case of the delay of payment. Venture will fairly entertain customers and practice a personalized service to its customers and try to believe on the aying customers are always right. . Marketing Mix The proposed business is comprised of the following approaches to product, price, place of distribution and promotion. Product. Pork and some parts of the pig such as the head, liver, intestines and feet are the main products to be offered to the potential target market. Pricing. It should have reasonable pricing in order to develop market. The customers who paid in cash bases can avail discounts of 10% for the pork and other part. The customers who apply credit and instalment basis will be given 7 days to pay. The pricing will greatly depend on average market price.Place of Distribution. The product can reach to the customers through direct selling. The product will be delivered to the possible target market in the scope area. Promotion. The venture will use posters and stickers. It will also engage in canvassing to the target market for the next operation. SWOT Analysis Strengths * Presence of skilled workers * Right location * High demand * High quality meat * High level of personalized service Weaknesses * Limited current wholesale accounts. * No display area or permanent location. * The supply of meat is seasonal. * High percentage of debt or in credit term. Opportunities * Few competitors Possibilities of good profit * High demand Threats * Shortage of raw materials at a given time * Increasing economic status * unfavorable government law * Swine deceases Channel of Distribution Figure 2. Channel of Distribution (Direct Selling) Table 1. Pricing Strategy Pork| Cash Basis (P)| Credit Basis(P)| Head| 100. 00| P110. 00| Meat with bones| 170. 00| 180. 00| Liver| 170. 00| 180. 00| Intestines| 80. 00| 90. 00| Feet| 120. 00| 130. 00| Demand and Supply Analysis Monthly Demand| | June| July| Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | Jan. | Feb. | March| April| May| | n| 2| 2| 2| 2| 3| 3| 4| 3| 2| 2| 2| 2| | | 90| 90| 90| 90| 90| 90| 90| 90| 90| 90| 90| 90| | Q| 180| 180| 180| 180| 270| 270| 360| 270| 180| 180| 180| 180| | Note: the table represents the monthly demand for pork (averaging) where  Ã‚  n  Ã‚  Ã‚  =  Ã‚  Ã‚  number  of  pigs q  Ã‚  Ã‚  =  Ã‚  Ã‚  no. of kilos Q  Ã‚  Ã‚  =  Ã‚  Ã‚  represents  total  demand  for  your  product. Table 6 Projected Monthly Sales(P)| Months| sales| January| 36,396. 00| February| 24,264. 00| March| 24,264. 00| April| 24,264. 00| May| 24,264. 00| June| 24,264. 00| July| 24,264. 00| August| 24,264. 00| September| 24,264. 00| October| 36,396. 00| November| 36,396. 00| December| 48,528. 00| TOTAL| 351,828. 00|Note: the above table represents the monthly sales TECHNICAL ASPECT Operation Strategy Since the proprietor ha d no experience about slaughtering a pig he decided to hire an expert person in this field . The proponent had talk to Mr . Edie Mangayaay to help us in this matter. He is the one to slaughter the pig with the agreed salary of P5. 00/kg of live pig. It is not necessary to build our own slaughter house because it is quite expensive and time costly, we have agreed that the operation will be done in proponents house . The place is so appropriate for slaughter because of its abundant water supply and large area.The proponents will directly deliver the product to the target market once a week. . Production Process Buying . The venture will first purchase live pig as a raw material for operation. The purchaser will go to the suppliers every week and negotiate the price per kg. of live weight. Then it will be transported for slaughtering and roasting. Slaughtering. It will be done in the butcher’s house. Since, the proponents are not expert in this activity; the venture will hire an expert slaughterer. Packing. After slaughtering the pig, it will be chopped in any cuts as what the orders required.It will be packed in plastic cellophane after weighing. Distribution. The packed pork will be delivered and distributed to the target market according to their order and suggested cuts and part of pig. Figure 3. Production Process Table 2. Total Labor Requirement. Position| Number| Monthly Salary (P)| Total Annual Salary(P)| Manager/Cashier| 1| 500. 00| 6,000. 00| Distributor/Canvasser| 1| 400. 00| 4,800. 00| Purchaser/Collector| 1| 400. 00| 4,800. 00| Total| 4| P 2,500. 00| P15,600. 00| (note: operation is twice a week) Table 3. Fixed Investment and Depreciation Charges Equipment/tools| Qty. Price/unit (P)| Total (P)| Life Span| Depreciation cost (P)| Monthly depreciation| Weighing Scale| 1| 1,200. 00| 1,200. 00| 3| 400. 00| 33. 33| Styrofoam box| 2| 500. 00| 1,000. 00| 1| 1,000. 00| 83. 33| Good knife| 1| 450. 00| 450. 00| 1| 450. 00| 37. 50| TOTAL| | | P2,650. 00| | P1,850. 00| 154. 16| Table 4. Operation Schedule. Days| Time| Activities| Monday| 8:00 a. m. -10:00 a. m. | Slaughtering of pig| Wednesday| 3:00 p. m. -5:00 p. m. | Roasting| Note: The table above is the regular schedule of the operation. Table 2. Cost of Operation. | Monthly (P)| Direct Material| 17,100. 00| Direct Labor| 900. 00|Transportation | 1,360. 00| Communication | 300. 00| Total cost of operation| P19,660. 00| Table 3. Administrative and Selling Expenses. | Monthly(P)| Depreciation of operating equipment| 154. 16| Supplies| 133. 00| Total selling and administrative expense| P 287. 16| Table 7. Supplies for the whole year Expense Description| Units| Unit Cost (P)| Total Cost (P)| Journal, Ledger, Record book| 4 packs| 35. 00| 105. 00| Calculator| 1 pc| 150| 150. 00| Ball pens| 15pcs| 5. 00| 75. 00| Pencils| 6 pieces| 6. 50| 39. 00| Bond Paper-Short| 1ream| 220. 00| 220. 00| Stapler| 1 pc| 72. 00| 72. 00| Staple Wire| 5 boxes| 12. 0| 60. 00| Liquid Eraser| 3 pieces| 40. 00 | 120. 00| Plastic Cellophane| 25 packs| 30| 750. 00| Total| | | P1,591. 00| Note: The above office supplies are to be used for one year. Communication (Cellular Phone) This is necessary to maintain good connection with the customers and the proprietor itself so that there will be a good relationship between them. It is one of the best asset of the venture in enhancing their customer service and personalized relationship with the customer because this will help a lot in achieving their goals and aside from that it will help a lot in communicating each employees. This would help customers and the owners in the distribution of the products. The venture will used Talk N’ Text Network with an estimated monthly bill of P300. 00 load. Transportation The business earnings depend on the distribution and selling of the finish products. To reach the customer’s location or selling areas, the cost of transportation will be allocated. Good channel in the transportation of the produ cts lies the business growth. It’s only delivering once a week and purchase raw material once a week. Table 8. Transportation Expense Transportation Expense| Rate per kg. nd head (P)| Kgs and no. of person| Weekly Expense (P)| Monthly Expense (P)| Pork:Freight of the Purchased Pig for slaughter| 1. 00| 90 kgs| 90. 00| 180. 00| Transportation of the Purchaser| 150. 00| 1| 150. 00| 300. 00| Distributors/Collectors Transportation| 100. 00| 1| 100. 00| 200. 00| TOTAL| | | P340. 00| P680. 00| Table 9. Projected Monthly Sales of Pork Sales of a 70 kgs. of pig| Pork| Percentage| Weight, kg. | Price/kilo (P)| Weekly Sales(P)| Monthly Sales(P)| Meat w/ bones| 65%| 45. 5| P170. 00| P7,735. 00| P30,940. 00| Head| 8%| 5. 6| 100. 00| 560. 00| 2,240. 00| Liver| 3%| 2. | 170. 00| 357. 00| 1,428. 00| Intestine| 5%| 3. 5| 80. 00| 280. 00| 1,120. 00| Feet| 6%| 4. 2| 120. 00| 504. 00| 2,016. 00| TOTAL| 87%| 60. 9| | P9,436. 00| P37,744. 00| Sales of a 100 kgs. of Pig| pork| Percentage| Weight k gs. | Price/kilo(P)| Weekly sales(P)| Head| 8%| 8| 100. 00| 800. 00| Meat /bones| 65%| 65| 170. 00| 11,105. 00| Liver| 3%| 3| 170. 00| 510. 00| Intestine| 5%| 5| 80. 00| 400. 00| Feet| 6%| 6| 120. 00| 720. 00| TOTAL| 87%| 87 kg. | | 13,535. 00| Sales of a 80 kilos of pig| Pork| %| Weight kg| Price per kilo(P)| Weekly sales(P)| Head| 8%| 6. 4| 100. 00| 640. 00|Meat/bones| 65%| 52| 170. 00| 8,840. 00| Liver| 3%| 2. 4| 170. 00| 408. 00| Intestine| 5%| 4| 80. 00| 320. 00| Feet| 6%| 4. 8| 120. 00| 576. 00| Total| 87%| 71. 2 kg. | | 10,784. 00| | | Sales of a 90 kilos of pig| Pork| %| Weight kg| Price per kilo(P)| Weekly sales(P)| Head| 8%| 7. 2| 100. 00| 720. 00| Meat/bones| 65%| 58. 5| 170. 00| 9945. 00| Liver| 3%| 2. 7| 170. 00| 459. 00| Intestine| 5%| 4. 5| 80. 00| 360. 00| Feet| 6%| 5. 4| 120. 00| 648. 00| Total| 87%| 78. 3kg. | | 12,132. 00| | | Purchases Months| Purchases| January| 25,650. 00| February| 17,100. 00| March| 17,100. 00| April| 17,100. 0| May| 17,100. 00| June| 17,100. 00| July| 17,100. 00| August| 17,100. 00| September| 17,100. 00| October| 25,650. 00| November| 25,650. 00| December| 34,200. 00| TOTAL| 247,950. 00| | | Note: the following are the purchases of live pig every month @P95 per kilo. | | Proportion of a Live Hog Not all of the pig is edible pork. On average, about 87% of a hog make it from the pen to the pan. A 70-kg hog will yield approximately 60. 9 kgs of retail cuts. Around 13% of a hog’s live weight is inedible product removed during the slaughter and dressing procedure bringing our 70 kgs. live hog to 60. kgs. dressed. The other internal organs, hair, blood, and other inedible products account for most of this loss. Once the carcass is sanitarily dressed, it is hung on a rail and placed into a cooler where it is quickly chilled after cutting. ORGANIZATIONAL ASPECT Legal Form The proposed business will be in a sole proprietorship form. It is a business in which the owner is also the employees at the same time. And because of multi task the proprietor hires an part – time employee. The duties is divided according to their expertise/stability and have equal input to major decisions.The venture is owned by Wendell B. Doria. Organizational Structure Figure 4. Organizational Structure Responsibility Matrix Position| Qualifications| Responsibilities| Owner | | * Formulate short term and long term plans, * develops strategies to guide employees towards attaining goals and objectives, *makes major decisions concerning the operations, *implement policies assigns tasks to be accomplished by employees * the owner is the same time the cashier and bookkeeper| Distributor-| * hardworking and industrious| * deliver the products to the target market| Canvasser/Purchaser – . * hardworking, * know to negotiate other people, * physically fit| * canvass orders for the next operation and * purchase raw material| Collector-. | * industrious *hardworking * know basic Mathematics| * collect receivables| Butche r/Labor- Mr. Edie Mangayaay| * physically fit, *hardworking, expert on slaughtering and roasting, * has experience on the said activities| * slaughter the pig * roast the pig, * cut the pork and roasted pig | Table 14. Project Timetable Activities| Days| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9| 10| 11| 12| 13| 14| Preparing Business Plan| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Acquiring funds| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Securing Business permit| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Purchasing of equipment and supplies| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Purchasing of raw material| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Start of operation| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Government and Legal Requirements The following are the fees to the government for the permits ; clearances: Table 15. Licenses and Permit Type of business license/permit/registration| Fees (P)| Mayor’s Permit| 800. 00| Police Clearance| 100. 0| Barangay Clearance| 100. 00| TOTAL| P 1,000. 00| FINANCIAL ASPECT Financial assumptions: 1. Revenue: all revenue are der ived from the sale of meat 2. Cost of raw material, supplies ; salaries remains constant throughout the period. 3. Labor ; Transportation expense will depend on the number of kilos slaughtered 4. The business assumes cash basis but also accept credit within a limited period. Project Cost I. Pre-Operating Expense Business Plan Preparation1,000. 00 Business Permit and Licenses1,000. 00 Total Pre-Operating Cost 2,000. 00 II. Fixed Assets RequirementTools and Equipment 2,650. 00 Total Fixed Assets Requirement 2,650. 00 III. Working Capital Requirement-1 month operation Transportation 680. 00 Communication 300. 00 Supplies Expense 133. 00 Salary Expense 2,500. 00 Purchasing of Pigs: 90 kgs. X 2 Live weight @95 kgs. 17,100. 00 Labor Expense 900. 00 Total Working Capital 21,613. 00 TOTAL PROJECT COST P 26,263. 00 Income Statement ?| June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | April | May | TOTAL| Sales | 24,264. 00| 24,264. 00| 24,264. 00| 24,264. 00| 36,396. 00| 36,396. 00| 48,528. 00| 36,396. 00| 24,264. 00| 24,264. 00| 24,264. 00| 24,264. 00| 351,828. 00 | Less cost of goods sold | 17,100. 00| 17,100. 00| 17,100. 00| 17,100. 00| 25,650. 00| 25,650. 00| 34,200. 00| 25,650. 00| 17,100. 00| 17,100. 00| 17,100. 00| 17,100. 00| 247,950. 00 | Gross Profit | 7,164. 00| 7,164. 00| 7,164. 00| 7,164. 00| 10,746. 00| 10,746. 00| 14,328. 00| 10,746. 00| 7,164. 00| 7,164. 00| 7,164. 00| 7,164. 00| 103,878. 00| Less Expenses| ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 0. 0 | Sell ; Admin Exp. | 4,633. 00| 2,633. 00| 2,633. 00| 2,633. 00| 2,633. 00| 2,633. 00| 2,633. 00| 2,633. 00| 2,633. 00| 2,633. 00| 2,633. 00| 2,633. 00| 33,596. 00 | communi| 300. 00| 300. 00| 300. 00| 300. 00| 300. 00| 300. 00| 300. 00| 300. 00| 300. 00| 300. 00| 300. 00| 300. 00| ? | Depreciation| 154. 16| 154. 16| 154. 16| 154. 16| 154. 16| 154. 16| 154. 16| 154. 16| 154. 16| 154. 16| 154. 16| 154. 16| ? | Transpo expense| 680. 00| 680. 00| 680. 00| 680. 00| 1,020. 00| 1,020 . 00| 1,360. 00| 1,020. 00| 680. 00| 680. 00| 680. 00| 680. 00| 9,860. 00 | Labor Expense| 900. 00| 900. 00| 900. 00| 900. 00| 1,350. 0| 1,350. 00| 1,800. 00| 1,350. 00| 900. 00| 900. 00| 900. 00| 900. 00| 13,050. 00 | Total Expenses| 6,667. 16| 4,667. 16| 4,667. 16| 4,667. 16| 5,457. 16| 5,457. 16| 6,247. 16| 5,457. 16| 4,667. 16| 4,667. 16| 4,667. 16| 4,667. 16| 61,955. 92 | Net Profit | 496. 84 | 2,496. 84 | 2,496. 84 | 2,496. 84 | 5,288. 84 | 5,288. 84 | 8,080. 84 | 5,288. 84 | 2,496. 84 | 2,496. 84 | 2,496. 84 | 2,496. 84 | 41,922. 08 | Note: The table shows the monthly net income Cash Flow ?| Pre – Op | June | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | CASH INFLOW | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? Owners Equity | 26,263. 00 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | Cash Sales | ? | 24,264. 00| 24,264. 00| 24,264. 00| 24,264. 00| 36,396. 00| 36,396. 00| 48,528. 00| 36,396. 00| 24,264. 00| 24,264. 00| 24,264. 00| 24,264. 00 | Total cash Inflows | 26,263. 00 | 24,264. 00 | 24,264. 00 | 24,264. 00 | 24,264. 00 | 36,396. 00 | 36,396. 00 | 48,528. 00 | 36,396. 00 | 24,264. 00 | 24,264. 00 | 24,264. 00 | 24,264. 00 | CASH OUTFLOW | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | Pre Op. | 2,000. 00 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? Fixed Asset | 2,650. 00 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | Purchase | ? | 17,100. 00| 17,100. 00| 17,100. 00| 17,100. 00| 25,650. 00| 25,650. 00| 34,200. 00| 25,650. 00| 17,100. 00| 17,100. 00| 17,100. 00| 17,100. 00| Labor exp. | ? | 900. 00| 900. 00| 900. 00| 900. 00| 1,350. 00| 1,350. 00| 1,800. 00| 1,350. 00| 900. 00| 900. 00| 900. 00| 900. 00| Selling and admin | ? | 2,933. 00| 2,933. 00| 2,933. 00| 2,933. 00| 2,933. 00| 2,933. 00| 2,933. 00| 2,933. 00| 2,933. 00| 2,933. 00| 2,933. 00| 2,933. 00| Transpo | ? | 680. 00| 680. 00| 680. 00| 680. 00| 1,020. 00| 1,020. 00| 1,360. 00| 1,020. 00| 680. 00| 680. 0| 680. 00| 680. 00| Total Cash outflow | 4,650. 00 | 21,613. 00 | 21,613. 00 | 21,613. 00 | 21,613. 00 | 30,953. 00 | 30,953. 00 | 40,293. 00 | 30,953. 00 | 21,613. 00 | 21,613. 00 | 21,613. 00 | 21,613. 00 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | Net Flow cash | 21,613. 00 | 2,651. 00 | 2,651. 00 | 2,651. 00 | 2,651. 00 | 5,443. 00 | 5,443. 00 | 8,235. 00 | 5,443. 00 | 2,651. 00 | 2,651. 00 | 2,651. 00 | 2,651. 00 | Add. Beg. balance | – | 21,613. 0 | 24,264. 00 | 26,915. 00 | 29,566. 00 | 32,217. 00 | 37,660. 00 | 43,103. 00 | 51,338. 00 | 56,781. 00 | 59,432. 00 | 62,083. 00 | 64,734. 00 | Ending cash balance | 21,613. 00 | 24,264. 00 | 26,915. 00 | 29,566. 00 | 32,217. 00 | 37,660. 00 | 43,103. 00 | 51,338. 00 | 56,781. 00 | 59,432. 00 | 62,083. 00 | 64,734. 00 | 67,385. 00 | BALANCE SHEET ?| Pre-op. | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | April | May | Cash | 21,613. 00 | 24,264. 00 | 26,915. 0 | 29,566. 00 | 32,217. 00 | 37,660. 00 | 43,103. 00 | 51,338. 00 | 56,781. 00 | 59,432. 00 | 62,083. 00 | 64,734. 00 | 67,385. 00 | Fixed Asset | 2,650. 00 | 2,650. 00 | 2,650. 00 | 2,650. 00 | 2,650. 00 | 2,650. 00 | 2,650. 00 | 2,650. 00 | 2,650. 00 | 2,650. 00 | 2,650. 00 | 2,650. 00 | 2,650. 00 | Depreciation | ? | (154. 16)| (308. 32)| (462. 48)| (616. 64)| (770. 80)| (924. 96)| (1,079. 12)| (1,233. 8)| (1,387. 44)| (1,541. 60)| (1,695. 76)| (1,849. 92)| Total current assets | 24,263. 00 | 26,759. 84 | 29,256. 68 | 31,753. 52 | 34,250. 36 | 39,539. 20 | 44,828. 04 | 52,908. 88 | 58,197. 72 | 60,694. 56 | 63,191. 40 | 65,688. 24 | 68,185. 08 | Pre operating exp. | 2,000. 00 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | Total assets | 26,263. 00 | 26,759. 84 | 29,256. 68 | 31,753. 52 | 34,250. 36 | 39,539. 20 | 44,828. 04 | 52,908. 88 | 58,197. 72 | 60,694. 56 | 63,191. 0 | 65,688. 24 | 68,185. 08 | Liabilities and owners equity | ? | ? | ? | . | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | Total Liabilities | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | Owners Equity | 26,263. 00 | 26,263. 00 | 26,759. 84 | 29,256. 68 | 31,753. 52 | 34,250. 36 | 39,539. 20 | 44,828. 04 | 52,908. 88 | 58,197. 72 | 60,694. 56 | 63,191. 40 | 65,688. 24 | Income | ? | 496. 84 | 2,496. 84 | 2,496. 84 | 2,496. 84 | 5,288. 84 | 5,288. 84 | 8,080. 84 | 5,288. 4 | 2,496. 84 | 2,496. 84 | 2,496. 84 | 2,496. 84 | TOTAL LIABILITY AND CAPITAL | 26,263. 00 | 26,759. 84 | 29,256. 68 | 31,753. 52 | 34,250. 36 | 39,539. 20 | 44,828. 04 | 52,908. 88 | 58,197. 72 | 60,694. 56 | 63,191. 40 | 65,688. 24 | 68,185. 08 | RETURN ON INVESTMENT ROI = NET INCOME/TOTAL INVESTMENT x 100 =41,922. 08/26,263. 00 =1. 665 x 100 =160% PAYBACK PERIOD PP = Total Investment /Annual ave. Income =26,263. 00/41,922. 08 =0. 63 years Break Even Analysis=F/CMuF / CMr =3,337. 16 / 33. 803,337. 16 / =98. 73klsPhp. 13,295. 46