A Kantian Perspective On The International System

Starting from the assumption that an increasingly Kantian world means an increasingly cooperative, rational, moral and peaceful world, it can be claimed that we instead live in an irrational, subjective, warlike and self-interested world, where personal perceptions lead either to a more pessimistic/Realist or optimistic/Constructivist view of the international system. This essay will discuss the thesis firstly by defining how a Kantian world might look like and secondly by analysing the three main articles and their major concepts (respectively republics, non-aggression and universal hospitality) and comparing them with today’s world. First, the Kantian perspective on the international system, expressed in his work Perpetual Peace (Kant†¦show more content†¦It therefore appears that an increasingly Kantian world should be characterized by a continue effort among states to cooperate with each other in the respect of their sovereignty and independence. Moreover, by using their rationality and therefore morality, peoples can transcend violence and war and create a global cosmopolitan society. In conclusion, according to Wendt, a Kantian world is characterised by mutual aid among states, equality and collective identity, as it can be seen in the example of the European Union, within which states share common values, ideas and purposes (Wendt 1992). As for the first article, after having maintained that a world made of republics could achieve Perpetual Peace, Kant claims that ‘states recognise each other as equals, learn to live together, and develop common norms, rules and values.’ (Lacassagne 2012, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/h/humfig/11217607.0001.207?view=text;rgn=main). Therefore, the Kantian international system appears to be a set of states that, by acting morally and rationally, cooperate with each other for the supreme interest of humankind and that will eventually coexist and share the world. Nevertheless, one of the main assumptions inherent in the first article (so the idea that all the states which are the expression of the general will are less likely to go to war) does not seem convincing. Indeed, looking at the graph of

Communication Plays a Vital Role in Interpersonal...

Communication Plays a Vital Role in Interpersonal Relationships Interpersonal communication is a very important forms of communication that is vital to all society and human beings, since humans are sociable people we enjoy interacting with one another on many different levels. When we do not understand how to communicate properly with each other poor communication skills is the main cause of many broken relationships and marriages . To understand communication we have to understand that communication is made up of many different aspect. This paper will focus on verbal communications, nonverbal communication, listening, body language, emotion, perception ,words , have on interpersonal communication that has an effect on†¦show more content†¦When emotions are positive in interpersonal relationships we are stress free and able to enjoy the relationship. Positive emotion allows us to love one another and becomes better communicator in relationships. If we are in a personal relationship once we become more familiar with our communicating s tyles and our partners, we are able to work better with our panther as a team and over come communication barriers as long as we keep our emotion in check. Perception affect interpersonal relationship when we judge off of pass emotion and how we judge life or how we perceive things in a relationship ( Hybels and Weaver, 2007). Perception is one side it with a mixture of emotions, memories and logic. Thats the reason why many people can go to the movies and walk away with different interpretations and conclusions. The same is true when we are in a interpersonal relationship we perceive each other in different ways. We might feel from our perception that our spouse knows our feeling and this can result to poor communication. Communication 4 Listening is a single most important communication skill in an interpersonal relationship and it’s the best ways to understand your partners. Women’s often feel that their husband or boyfriend listen to them more in the beginning of the relationship and as time goes by in the relationship the less there spouse listen to them. One way to over comes this barrier in a interpersonalShow MoreRelatedNonverbal Communication And The Classroom902 Words   |  4 PagesTOPIC 1: Nonverbal communication in the classroom Communication is the ongoing exchange of messages that enables us to share our knowledge, attitudes, opinions and skills with one another (Miller, 1988). This process is composed of two dimensions – verbal and nonverbal . 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My Educational Philosophy A Reflective Comparison Free Essays

each pedagogue has the lower limit of five old ages of experience. In comparing my educational doctrine in which I have gain through their old ages of experience. I will besides contrast their doctrine along side of my ain. We will write a custom essay sample on My Educational Philosophy A Reflective Comparison or any similar topic only for you Order Now At manus there are assorted diverse constructions in doctrine utilized in our instruction construction today. It is non unnatural to separate extra doctrines integrated in a school or schoolroom environment. While incorporating the assorted educational positions in the schoolroom, one would be obliged to hold construction of their schoolroom community. An person who enjoys learning will invariably prevail to develop their comprehension and acclimatise with the changing era. PhD Elise Kirchoff an pedagogue of 25 plus old ages in instruction has the assurance, creativeness and bravery ; individualizing has she would show her instruction manner. She believes in being convenient in order to be lissome towards each pupil acquisition demands. PhD Kirchoff besides considers mortal true within our school territory ; instructors contain a kind of freedom in their academic professionalism when it extends to choose on methods of direction and developing lessons. Meaning it all depends on the territory 1 may work for. As clip goes by each coevals instruction, larning potency does vary. The instruction manner educated in the early 80 ‘s is most likely infective in today ‘s schoolroom. PhD Kirchoff agrees in non being prepared on holding to make â€Å" throng control † ( Kirchoff ) . Though in the methods of subject in maintaining a schoolroom orderly focused and respectful she replied, have zero tolerance in schoolroom breaks would maintain the le sson traveling. With 30 old ages of learning experience PhD Kirchoff feels NCLB has non aided in her ability to learn, it has footing an surplus in paper work as an option. However throughout her old ages of learning she has come to appreciate the diverseness of legion pupils and how each pupil acquisition demands are inimitable. There are no cooky cutter lessons for particular need pupils. Jason Keller with 10 old ages of learning experience nine old ages in physical instruction while one twelvemonth in particular instruction. Keller Teachs in the BIC unit ( behavioural unit ) he based his replies toward his category. He based entirely on the unit for the ground of, when I set up the interview he was merely able to reply as a particular instruction instructor non has physical instruction instructor in which he has 9 old ages of experience. That said Keller ‘s personal strengths he finds particularly helpful in learning is to be patient and understanding. The pupils who are placed here have utmost emotional, behavioural jobs non including their disablements. Keller describes his instruction manner geared toward positive support instead than ensue and hit oriented, more advancement and betterment based. In comparing to PhD Kirchoff, Keller besides deems on the belief of holding the freedom to academic methods of direction and developing lessons. Both feel the same about NCLB, how it has non made their occupation as pedagogues any easier. Merely it has been a load of paperwork. Where they experience the clip is wasted on alternatively on category direction. Jessica Morales five old ages of schoolroom direction, Morales finds strengths particularly helpful in her instruction describe as, willingness to ne’er give up. When feeling overwhelmed, one needs to be able to stay unagitated and take a deep breath. Her teaching manner is flexible a manner to suit to all her pupils demands. In pull offing her to be flexible for the diverseness of each of her pupils it takes some work, though she feels the more that she gets to cognize her pupils, the easier it becomes. It will ne’er be wholly easy, but you will larn to suit your pupils. In comparing to these fantastic pedagogues my educational doctrine I would depict as being able to intrust the instruction and development to every pupil in malice of cultural or cultural background or economic position. However, my educational doctrine encloses by wrought of legion effects ; in trusting on my philosophic foundation to assist me construct both content and teaching method. It is of import to hold strong beliefs, grounded in sound theory to steer our teaching.A It is every bit imperative to go on unfastened minded to innovative tendencies and techniques that may advance our students.A In naming an educational doctrine motionless it will non be eligible ; it alters with clip and apprehension, and I will persistently copy, detect, and filtrate what I believe and why I believe it. As I gain knowledge my doctrine will alter, take a few things out or taking a few things in. A Among these changes I am unfastened to anything and my positions will be flexible and as unfastened to sentiments as I can be. A When I tell my pupils to woolgather, purpose for the stars, I am stating they can suppress a new end each new twenty-four hours, and so I will hold succeeded in my schoolroom. As an pedagogue I have seen the impact on pupil ‘s lives as their instructor the positive influence we have towards them to go good function theoretical accounts in society. We as instructors and students to the system learn something every twenty-four hours. I anticipate bring forthing a affecting experience within my pupils ; whereby they develop comprehension, include an optimistic ego reg ard and connubial motivation.A The apprehension they attain will be nonsubjective oriented and syllabus driven.A The manner I achieve this will fluctuate intrusting on the eccentricity of peculiar category and the pupils in the category. Finally, professional development is compulsory for whichever instructor who obtains unremitting self betterment. A I am non merely an pedagogue ; I am facilitator in the instruction development and supply a positive function theoretical account to society. A I contain an digesting answerability to magnify my comprehension of both capable affair and sophistication, and to invariably re-examine my proceedings and course of study in response to a continuously altering environment. As an educationist I need to be enthusiastically attentive of the place I participate in a pupil ‘s existence.A Life suggestions an incomputable district of educational duties, each forcing personal growing and extended cognition with each individual.A As a instructor, I need to be a supple to the character that validates an unqualified, reliable blessing of all my pupils and invariably petitions to help an instruction that counterparts each individual.A In my schoolroom, I will show a secure, an environment which encourages a regard of persons self construct and larning style.A Many have an of import input to suggest to this world.A In any circumstance I will help pupils in their hunt of their individuality immediate to the extended ends of instruction. How to cite My Educational Philosophy A Reflective Comparison, Essay examples

Grade Five Pupils free essay sample

The school tried to identify the root cause for school/teacher factors are not part of the problem. They have a standard class size, classroom conducive to learning and good rapport between teacher-pupil relationships. Through the conduct of diagnostic test in all learning areas PHIL-IR (pre-test) both English and Filipino and their previous performance in the previous grade, there are found to be left behind in terms of academic performance. To attain the goal of the desired learning outcomes, the Teacher tries to discover the reasons why they are considered as slow learners.For almost a month, the pupils are observing as to behavior, attendance in the class and family status. For the root causes identified, the researcher decides to write the proposal about effective classroom management in handling Grade V slow learners for S. Y. 201 1-201 2. . Problem How to have effective classroom management in handling Grade Five Slow Learners for the School Year 201 1-2012. We will write a custom essay sample on Grade Five Pupils or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Possible Causes: A. Poor academic performance. B. Less interest in study because of the influence of computer. C. Poor study habits. II. Generation of Alternative Solutions A.Encourage students to study their lesson at least one hour a day. B. Allowing the children to plan activities within their range Of interest and abilities. C. Using such techniques as social drama for the purpose of developing insights in practical life situations. IV. Plan of Action A Objectives 1. Improve their academic performance. 2. Provide varied interesting activities among slow learners. 3. Use different techniques and strategies for the slow learners. B. Time Frame This study will be conducted for two quarter, from June to October during the School Year 2011-2012. C.Target subjects Target pupils for the study are the of San Vaccine Elementary School, Fabian District, Fabian City Laguna for the Academic Year 201 1-2012. D. Activities to be Undertaken 1. Provide activities which develop their academic performance. 2. Prepare different interesting activities among the slow learners. 3. Provide varied techniques in developing insights in practical life situations. Target Superstructures Involved Activities Expected Results Grade Five Pupils of San Vaccine Elementary School, Banana City, Laguna for the School Year 01 1-2012.Grade Five pupils Class Officers English Teachers Adviser Librarian Guidance Counselor Principal 1 . Prepare/Use varied instructional materials catch the interest of pupils. 2. Use multimedia in teaching different learning areas. 3. Weekly Evaluation to measure their performance. Reduce the number of slow learners among grade five pupils. . Evaluation Criteria The results of the research shall be reported after 70 % of the Grade Five pupils or more have participated in the class discussion. F. Research Design ACTIVITIES Data to be Collected Data Analysis/statistical treatment 1 .Prepare/Use varied instructional materials catch the interest of pupils. 2. Use multimedia in teaching different learning areas. Results of Weekly Evaluation Percentage V. Presentation and Interpretation of Results Eleven out of Fifteen (1 1 15) slow learners were improved their study habits because they are now more active and participated in class discussion and improved their performance in academics. VI. Conclusions and Recommendations Based on the techniques and strategies that have been done by the teacher it s proved that the number of slow learners was minimized.

Macroeconomics Essay Example

Macroeconomics Essay Macroeconomics Name: Course: Date: We will write a custom essay sample on Macroeconomics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Macroeconomics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Macroeconomics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Macroeconomics The United States federal government strives to improvise and provide economic policies that are beneficial for the growth of a healthy American economy. An economic policy that proves to be advantageous to one segment in the society can prove to be injurious on another segment. This can be illustrated by the relationship encompassing policies for unemployment and inflation. For instance, increasing interest rates in order to decrease inflation in an economy augments difficulty for businesses to obtain capital for expansion purposes. Such purposes enable the business to employ more workers. Thus by increasing the interest rates, unemployment will increase. Lowering the interest rates creates inflation due to increased spending. This, in turn, devalues employees’ salaries because of the rise in prices. In order to affect the economy positively, it is valid to create efficient economic policies. Part 1 To preserve a sturdy economy, there are policy goals that require to be adhered. These policy goals include stable prices, economic growth and full employment. Regarding stable prices, the economy should be characterized by an optimal level of prices for goods and services. However, most economies have experienced a shift in the stability of prices. The most common shift of prices is inflation. This is when the prices for products and services rise sharply further reducing the value for money. This causes an increase in costs of goods. Economic growth is indicated by the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The GDP is the value of the total output of products and services in the country in dollars. A flourishing economy can possess a GDP growth rate of 4 percent. Full employment cannot be achieved since there are various reasons that arise to unemployment that cannot be controlled. However, an unemployment rate of 4 percent is less is denoted as full employment (Carlberg, 2008). Hence, it is understandable why the federal government maintains its GDP at 3 percent. In the case involving the country being in a stage of high unemployment, zero interest rates, inflation at 2 percent per annum and a GDP of less than 2 percent, it is necessary to incorporate economic policies that will maintain the country in a thriving state. These policies involve the fiscal policy and the monetary policy. Fiscal policy involves the utilization of taxation and government expenditure to change the economy. Hence, the main tools used in invoking fiscal policies in the economy are expenditure and taxation (Kopcke, Tootell Triest, 2006). Monetary policy involves the control of money supply in the economy. This duty is usually performed by monetary authorities such as the Federal Reserve. This policy usually involves promotion of escalation and stability of an economy by targeting interest rates (Fender, 2012). In such an illustrated economic environment characterized by zero interest rates and a marginal of less than 2 percent GDP growth, it is a requirement to implement fiscal and monetary policies that will stimulate economic growth. Therefore, as president, I would recommend the use of fiscal policies. In this case, the fiscal policies will be used to reduce taxes imposed on small and medium enterprises, as well as households. This is because they are the main drive for the economy. This can be further indicated by the fact that the small and medium enterprises avail more employment than large and multinational companies. Hence, there will be an increase in employment, which will lead to a reduced multiplier effect due to increased income circulation among employees (Kopcke, Tootell Triest, 2006). Moreover, I will introduce tax rebates and inducements to the large corporations that are in partnership with the businesses. This move will increase confidence among consumers and amplify ag gregate expenditures within the private sector. As the Chairman of the Federal Reserve, I would employ efficient monetary policies specifically targeting the interest rates. This is because interest rates affect the productivity of the economy since they define unemployment. Additionally, an expansionary monetary policy can be used to lower interest rates in order to avail credit to businesses hence increase employment. Thus by maintaining a zero percent interest rate, people would be able to obtain credit for growth of businesses. The increased employment in turn increases the GDP rate because Okun’s Law states that, for every decrease in unemployment, the GDP increases thrice. Moreover, I would lower rates for the acquisition of funds from the Federal Reserve (Sexton, 2002). This strategy will encourage the banks to borrow finances from the federal banks. Moreover, the action will enable the banks to possess and avail more liquid cash for enterprises and private loans for the unemployed and underemployed. The positive effects of these actions revolve around the effects of the policies on consumption. This is because by using the fiscal policies to reduce tax rates; there will be an increase in the purchasing power since there will be an increase in small and medium enterprises, which will have an increased demand for money. This, in turn, will increase consumption. Moreover, the increased consumption of goods and services will increase the supply of money in the economy. Additionally, an increase in businesses avails more employment thus lowering the unemployment rate in the economy in the short run (Carlberg, 2008). Moreover, the positive effects of such policies will lead to the relocation of revenues to the private sector from the government. This is attributed to the low rates of income taxes. This is because of the reduction of taxes on households and small businesses. Hence, the fiscal policy adapted will establish control of revenues by the private sector, which have better man agement of funds, and revenues when compared to the private sector. The negative effects of the policies are based on the effect of the actions on the amount of revenue the government will receive. Indeed, there will be reduced revenue for the government. This is attributed by revenue transfer from the public to the private sector. Moreover, the government is heavily dependent on the revenue received from taxation. Therefore, the reduction in taxes accorded to small enterprises will decrease the revenue the government receives from taxation of the businesses. Furthermore, the decrease in income taxes also lowers revenue taxed on employees. The increase in unemployment in the end will be a negative effect on the government. This is because the decrease in the rate of employment will lead to increased money circulation, which will eventually lead to an increase in spending. The increase in spending will lead to inflation. According to the Philips Curve, the lower the unemployment rate of an economy, the faster the payment of labor wages in the economy (Carlberg, 2008). This eventually leads to inflation since demand for products and services overlaps the supply causing producers to increase the prices to restrict the purchase which increase the costs of production. The trade off resulting from the employment of the specific policies in contrast with other monetary and fiscal policies is the amount of time taken for implementation. This is because such policies will take longer time to implement. The reason for this is attributed to the novelty of such measures as compared to the commonly used policies the federal government implements. Despite the delay in the implementation of such measures, in the economy, it is important to recognize the positive effect of the measures since they will lead to the lowering of the unemployment rate, the increase in the rate of GDP, the increase in income circulation in the economy attributed to increased businesses and purchasing power and ease of credit access for potential borrowers. Moreover, since inflation is low, households will experience minimal difficulty utilizing their wealth to purchase products and services. It will probably take a considerable amount of time to gain an increase in spending and a decrease in unemployment. Part 2 The debt to GDP ratio indicates an economy’s health. It refers to the measure of the federal debt of the country in relation with the gross domestic product of the country. The comparison between the country’s debts to what the country produces reveals the country’s ability to repay the debt. The economic indicator gives a notion of the country’s ability to create future payments on what it owes. If the country were not able to repay the debt, then it would default leading to pandemonium in the household and international markets. A low debt to GDP ratio portrays large production of products and services as well as significant profits by an economy. This indicates that such an economy is able enough to repay its debts. Governments particularly aim for low debt to GDP ratios and have the ability to support themselves against risks involved by increasing debt since their economies possess a high GDP and profit margin. The inverse, a high debt to GDP ratio in dicates portrays low production and a low profit margin, which indicates the inability of the economy to repay debt and default (Frumkin, 2006). If the country has a budget deficit and carries a large debt, then it signifies that the country possesses a high debt to GDP ratio. The negative effect of a high debt to GDP ratio relies on the impact of fiscal policies in the economy. This is because an increase in the ratio is determined by government spending. The impact associated with a higher debt to GDP ratio can also be related to the impact of monetary policies in the economy. This is mainly because a high debt to GDCP ratio has a considerable impact on the interest rates. Therefore, the implications of a high debt to GDP ratio involve interest rate repercussions, increases in tax and enhanced cuts on spending (Frumkin, 2006). Regarding interest rates, the ratio will increase the interest rates of treasury bonds and indicate a higher risk. Regarding tax increases, the government will be required to increase taxes and reduce spending in order to gather finances to repay the debts. To expound further on the ratio’s impact on the interest rates, the rates replicate risk in the treasury bonds. Therefore, the higher the debt to GDP ratio, the higher the risk rate of the bonds (Frumkin, 2006). Consequently, if the Treasury bond possesses a risk rate that is high, then the government has the mandate to offer bondholders additional interest in order to receive more finances. Hence, countries with a high debt to GDP ratio are considered to possess default risk. Therefore, such countries cannot borrow cheap finances from bondholders. A high debt to GDP ratio will also increase the susceptibility of increase in taxes and cuts on spending. This is because the country with a high debt to GDP ratio bears high debt and thus will be obligated to reduce the deficit at a point. A national default can prove disastrous for the economy hence raising taxes and lowering expenditure are the common methods used to lower the ratio and fill up the budget deficit. Another impact that a high debt to GDP ratio will have on the economy is the disequilibrium of the macro economy. The equilibrium of the economy is usually attributed to the balance between aggregate demand and aggregate supply. Aggregate demand refers to the total demand for products and services at a given period and price. Aggregate supply refers to the total supply of products and services that companies plan to sell in a given period. Disequilibrium arises whereby a higher debt to GDP ratio leads to the decrease in the rate of production caused by the increase in interest rates and reduced purchasing. Additionally, low production will cause a subsequent decrease in products and services in the economy and thus lead to decreased demand. This causes macroeconomic disequilibrium in the short run (Wickens, 2008). However, in the long run aggregate demand and aggregate supply will intersect because of the decrease in production leading to low supply that will eventually lead to an in crease in prices and a decrease in demand. A high debt to GDP ratio will also lead to the redundancy of government employees and workers. This is because the government seeking to close up its budget deficit will require lowering the amount of wages it avails to its employees by laying them off. This shall lead to an increase in the unemployment rate in the economy. This can affect the business cycles of the economy and increase the fluctuations because an economy operating at high unemployment will reduce the economy from reaching short run equilibrium. In most cases, a cycle such as the debt cycle shifts credit expansion to credit contraction hence lowering the economic growth of the country resulting from decrease in private credit and an increase in recession. Therefore, by laying off workers, the government will decrease the multiplier effect on the economy since there will be no injection of new demand in the economy (Knoop, 2004). The effect of the ratio on the proposals will have an effect on the fiscal polices proposed. This is because there will be an increase in the rates of tax on income. By increasing the tax rates as a method of fiscal policy, the small enterprises and households will not be able to acquire funding from banks since the tax rates will also affect the banks, which will in turn increase their lending rates resulting from the federal banks’ directive. This will lead to unemployment because the enterprises will either lay off their workers or retain the ones they have without considering employment of other workers. The monetary policies employed will also be affected because of the high risk of interest rates on the treasury bonds. Since the government will seek to raise extensive finance to allow for the purchase of bonds, it will have to lower its expenditure in order to cater for the financing of high interest rates for the bondholders. This leads to underdevelopment of the econom y resulting from the under financing of public amenities such as infrastructure that are important for the development of the economy in terms of increase in GDP. It is important for an economy to analyze its policies efficiently and adequately to determine if they are probable enough for the development of the country. Such policies if reviewed clearly can guide a country to economic prosperity since they will be created based on achieving increased value in economic indicators such as the GDP. Moreover, the policies can aid the country in focusing on financial forecasting, which can enable it determine inflation and deflation rates and how to mitigate such unsystematic risks. References Carlberg, M. (2008). Inflation and unemployment in a monetary union. Berlin, Germany: Springer. Fender, J. (2012). Monetary policy. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. Frumkin, N. (2006). Guide to economic indicators. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe. Knoop, T. A. (2004). Recessions and depressions: Understanding business cycles. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. Kopcke, R. W., Tootell, G. M. B., Triest, R. K. (2006). The macroeconomics of fiscal policy. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. Sexton, R. L. (2002). Exploring economics. Mason, Ohio: South-Western/Thomson Learning. Wickens, M. (2008). Macroeconomic theory: A dynamic general equilibrium approach. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Macroeconomics Essay Example Macroeconomics Essay Chapter 11 of Wholly Macro starts off by explaining the different cases of insufficient demand. The writer starts off by explaining that aggregate demand (APE) may drop because of three reasons; less household expenditure, less government purchase of domestic produce and reduction in demand of U.S products outside. Next the writer explains how recession is caused by demand. When the APE decreases and becomes less than the GDP, there is excess produce. This means supply or ASF is now more and hence funding goes towards financing the excess produce. This funding will always be equal to the supply and hence, no price adjustment is requires. This situation will ultimately force producers to reduce the people employed as well as the output. This move will again increase ASF and reduce the GDP and APE and will then affect the interest rate as well which will decrease. All this will make the three components (i.e. APE, GDP and the ASF) equal but on the other hand will generate negative economic profit. Once the prices rise and eliminate the negative profit, the prices will then become stable until the next shock change. We will write a custom essay sample on Macroeconomics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Macroeconomics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Macroeconomics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The writer then moves on to the second cause of recession. When the ASF will fall it will cause the M x V to fall as well. This could be due to a fall in V, M or both. If the above 3 components are equal and then ASF falls, this means buyers are now short of funds and will resort to credit funding, to meet current demand. This will then cause the ASF to rise. ASF and interest rates will continue rising until ASF= APE. With demand now less than the produce, producers will need funding for excess. This will give rise to increase in ASF and interest rates until ASF equals the GDP. However, interest rates have kept on rising, and this will cause APE to become lower than the GDP. The same effects of unemployment, price adjustment etc will take effect and ultimately all three components will become equal, resulting in less employment and output, high interest rate and unchanged price. Next the writer explains how cost-push inflation causes recession. When the cost of production rises, the firms pass it on to their customers by reducing output and employment and increasing prices. Rise in prices will decrease the ASF and a fall in employment and output will reduce the GDP as a whole. As a result the demand (APE) will fall as well. During this time interest rates will start increasing causing APE to fall so that ASF and GDP can become equal. All companies cannot bear the rise in cost and some will exit the market causing equal increase in cost and prices until the cost and price are equal. This means there is no more negative profit. Now there is no need of reducing employment and output. Hence there will be no decrease causing ASF, GDP and APE to become equal. Ultimately the employment is now stable at a lower level and so is the output. Prices too are stable, but at a higher level. In other words, inflation has hit the economy. Lastly the writer says that, another problem is the growth problem. This problem occurs when GDP increases due to increased production capacity, But APE increase less than it (i.e. there is insufficient demand). The second part of the problem is funding problems. When GDP rises it does not increase the ASF (funding), however, it does increase the need of funding. APE will rise, but there is no increase in ASF, hence, credit funding will come into play. Now ASF will rise. But with this, interest rates have increased and some demand is lost. Now ASF and interest rate will rise until they equal GDP while APE will fall and continue to fall below original level of GDP. With less demand, prices will fall, some firms, not being able to bear this, will leave due to negative profit. Their leaving will reduce output and prices will rise up again to same level as before and ultimately all GDP growth will come to nothing. No demand means, cut it production and this means all the money invested i n expansion is a waste and expansion has to stop. GDP levels can no longer be maintained and the economy will go into recession. MONETARY POLICY In Chapter 12 the writer has focused on how people can manipulate the levels of employment, GDP etc by use of monetary policy. In the U.S, this is the work of the Federal Reserve System, which is independent but under authority by the Congress. The Fed’s have a number of banks under them, though owned privately. The Fed’s functions range from, regulating the money supply, to generating revenue as well as being the bank of the Federal government. The writer, then explains how monetary policy influences employment, interest rates etc. Using their policy tools the Fed’s influence the money supply and interest rates. This change in money supply causes a change in the ASF. Once the ASF is affected it alters employment, interest rate and output. In other words, change in money supply will cause all the changes and this is in the hands of the Fed’s. The writer now goes on to link the Fed’s control variables to the magnitude of money supply. By combining the formulas for money supply (M), total reserves of banks (R), monetary base (B), the cash to checking account deposit ratio (d) and the time deposit to checking account deposit ratio (t) the ultimate formula for money supply can be written as M={ (d + 1)/(d + r + r x t + w) } x B. In this formula the main thing is the B. The B is the money multiplier and hence, it will determine how much money supply is generated. Similarly the d, r, r and t are also controllable by the Fed’s and hence effect money supply. The d and t are controlled by public, but the banks, using interest can influence it. The Fed’s have control over r, r and B. The Fed’s can increase and decrease the multiplier directly by directly changing the r and r. For example if Fed’s decrease r and r, the multipliers value will increase and hence the money supply will increase too. This means the Fed’s can control the ASF .However, since all variable are not under the control of the Fed’s, and any change in them can cause ASF to change, therefore many times the Fed’s have to change their variable to correct anything they feel is not right, but was not under their control. Moving further the writers explains the three policies, via which the monetary policy is controlled by the Fed’s. The first policy is to conduct open market operations. This means they buy and sell securities. These securities are bought by the special securities dealers, who then sell them ahead. What this buying and selling does is that, it alters the magnitude of B and since B and M are related it ultimately affects M or the money supply. The next policy is to alter the reserve requirement. By altering, the checking account and time deposits requirements (i.e.   r and r) the Fed’s can dictate the money supply. However they are dependant to certain extent on the willingness of the banks. If banks don’t mind reducing the working reserve (w) this is easy, otherwise the Fed’s can increase r and r to such level that banks will be forced, because they cannot in any circumstance allow (w) to go below zero. The opposite is the case with decreasing reserve requirements. Again bank need to be willing to increase the (w). Similarly discount rate adjustment can also be used to control monetary policy. Working reserves (w) come into play here. The banks need to determine their optimum level of w, so that ultimately their interest penalty on borrowed funds does not exceed the interest earnings on extra funds. If discount rate was to rise resulting in expected interest earning loss less than penalty, banks would start to hold working reserves and this will decrease M. This tells us that discount rate does not directly affect M, but it is actually w which does. The Fed’s refer to their policy changes as tightening or easing the monetary policy. Monetary policy can be eased to increase the ASF which has fallen due to money and-credit recession, thereby saving the employment and output from going down. Similarly it can also be eased when GDP growth needs to be sustained by increasing funding. Easing of monetary policy will be effective if firstly, banks do not increase too much of their working reserve and secondly if there is a strong reaction on the demand side to reduced interest rate. The Fed’s can tighten the monetary policy to control inflation. But the problem is that this is temporary and causes output to reduce and then employment as well. Tightening policy would mean that, banks will be forced to minimize lending. The banks will then increase the interest rates. Ultimately it depends on how demand reacts to high interest rate. FISCAL POLICY After explaining the monetary policy the writers now moves on to fiscal policy in chapter 13. Fiscal policy, according to the writers consists of, firstly, automatic stabilizers. These stabilizers reduce the APE’s responsiveness to changes in the level of income or GDY, thereby reducing the drop in GDP. Among the different stabilizers are nation’s welfare programs which are run under the reservoir principle. When the income increases, taxes increase and hence the money goes in the fund and when incomes decrease these funds are then used to facilitate the low income people. Besides this, the government can also use progressive income taxes, as a method towards automatic stabilization. When income rises, people go into higher tax slabs, as a result more income in the form of taxes comes to the government. If the government does not increase its purchase and allows a surplus to build up, the growth in demand will reduce. Similarly a decrease in income will have a vice versa effect. Thus these programs are automatically being affected by level of income. In other words with less income and government grants during these times to families, the purchasing power is not hit by heavy impact and hence stabilization takes place. The next form of fiscal policy is the discretionary one. In this the Federal government alters levels of three things; current domestic output purchases and tax receipts from households and businesses. This will affect APE and thus employment levels, prices etc. To show how the federal purchases and federal tax receipts affect APE, the writer has come up with a formula for fiscal policy. Starting with the formula for APE and using symbols for change in tax receipts etc. The final formula after assuming a few figures (for explanation purpose) come to be, ΔAPE = ΔG 0.65ΔHT 0.35ΔBT. Next the writer explains what measures the government can take if it wants to set a certain level for the GDP. In other words, what the government can do to keep the change in APE equal to the excess GDP over current APE. For this purpose the government can do two things. The first is expansionary fiscal policy, which is used when, excess GDP APE 0. In this case the government could either reduce taxes of households or businesses or increase purchase of domestic products. Whatever they do, to increase the APE, ultimately the government will have to borrow, thus increasing the national debt. To avoid this, government can make a large increase in tax and at the same time direct demand away from the private sector. The government will have to consider the pros and cons of both. Next the writer tells us what restrictive fiscal policies are. In this policy federal purchases will need to be reduced as compared to tax receipts. As a result there will be a positive effect on the budget. Discretionary fiscal policy has the purpose to reduce unemployment and lower inflation etc. It does this by impacting the APE directly. In other words, it is important that the fiscal policy is carefully drafted, so that the desired effects are achieved without any problems and complications. POLICY ISSUES The fourteenth chapter is all about policy issue. The writer starts off by explaining; firstly, what problems are associated with boosting APE when expansionary monetary policy is being practiced? The first problem is inconsistency. For example, if the APE has dropped, the Fed’s can use any method to drop the interest rate as that would boost the APE back to original level. However, this will not guaranteed to work always. It is possible that the initial interest level is so low that even if it becomes zero, the corresponding increase in APE will not be enough to get it back to the original level. This would cause the need for additional measures. Hence the writer is telling us that, every time the government will have to use a combination of different measure and therefore there is no consistency. The second problem is liquidity trap. This trap is created when, the economy is facing recession. During this time, interest rates fall, unemployment increases and people lose the capacity to purchase. During this time banks struggle to give loans as businesses are not launching new projects. Those that are able to, do so at very low rates. When economy recovers those who gave loans on low rates will suffer loss. All this will bring the ASF down. However, the Fed’s cannot do anything to increase it because the fall in ASF is fast and large and is increasing all the time. All they can do during this time is to try and stop the ASF from falling. In other words the depression is reducing the effectiveness of the monetary policy. Besides this, expansionary fiscal policy can be affected by crowding out. Crowding out occurs when APEASF. If APE rises and ASF doesn’t then interest rates will go up and this will crowd out the increase. However, if ASF rises a little in response then, little bit of the increase will crowd out but not all. This means crowding out doesn’t destroy fiscal policy measures, but it does reduce its efficiency. Next the writer explains how the fiscal policy can fail by using the Ricardian Equivalence. According to it, people know that government has borrowed and in future when treasury bonds are redeemed, government will increase taxes. People, to prepare for this, will save more and purchase less and hence goal of fiscal policy to increase aggregate demand will fail. However, the writer also states that this is not the case in U.S.A. People are not increasing saving too much hence coupled with other factors fiscal policy will not fail, but will definitely lose some efficiency. Now the writer moves towards restrictive policies and how they are used to offset inflationary effects. Firstly, when the APE or ASF increase and can increase inflation, government can use restrictive policy to stop it. But that also means there will be no growth. However, when GDP goes down, government should not use restrictive policy as this is short term and hence short term solutions should be used. Next the writer says that, in case of inflation due to rise in prices, no policy should be used as it would have no effect on the inflation. If we interfere then unemployment will rise. However, the writer says, the government can control the prices; by using a tax based income policy. Using this policy the government can reduce inflation and at the same time use a demand based policy to increase employment. In the tax based income policy the government sets certain limits of average wages and price. Anyone who gets more wages or increase the price more than the official target will be required to pay a tax penalty (i.e. more tax) and similarly vice versa. This will deter people from increasing beyond official level. This way the government can control prices. Next the writer explains that if the government continues with demand based policy it will cause the economy to go through policy-induced business cycles. This means that, if that, the different economic shocks that hit the economy cause random movements in employment level, interest rates, output etc. The severity and timing of these cycles is not known and this is the danger. Moreover, once the process of cycle’s starts, it will continue and the economy will keep on getting these cycles from time to time. Next the writer explains that, the Fed’s constant switching between tightening and easing the monetary policy, which they do to counteract the effects of their previous policy change, instead of stabilizing, it destabilizes the economy because it reinforces the cycles occurring due to other sources. What they can do is that, they should use the demand based policy to reduce unemployment and use any policy, like the tax-based income policy to reduce inflation. Further the writer explains that, in order to get the right and desired interest rate there has to be a balance between monetary and fiscal policy. This can be achieved easily if one organization (for example the Fed’s), handle it. But they control only the monetary part and the fiscal policy is in the hand of the government. Hence striking the right balance and the right changes becomes a problem. Moreover, another problem is availability of the correct data and that too on time. The economy is very sensitive. Policy decisions have effects on it. If data is incorrect or late this can cause wrong decisions to be made and can result in a disaster for the economy. There is a lot of problem in the available data of the GDP, APE, ASF etc and this is causing a problem. This problem is compounded by the fact that time is wasted, before the problem is recognized. After recognizing, then they design and implement it. Hence its effects take time. Meanwhile the MCP is doing its process. Lastly the writer says that, though monetary and fiscal policies are good, but the data problems, policy lags and inability to predict the effects of economic shocks accurately are making it ineffective.

Biological Diseases essays

Biological Diseases essays For hundreds of years people have been struck down with diseases such as Cholera, an acute diarrhoel infectious disease. Diphtheria is a serious contagious bacterial disease. Hepatitis is the inflammation of the liver. Malaria, is another infectious disease. And Typhoid Fever, an acute, highly infectious disease. I will talk about hese diseases that through out the years scientists have been trying to cure the world from. These diseases lie in areas where there is poor sanitation of tropical areas of the world, where a lot of bacteria and parasites live. Some of the vaccines or medication we have the parasites are becoming immune to it. We must administer successful vaccines out to the people and teach them about the diseases so they can understand how to take care of it. First, Cholera is present in many countries all over the world. It's caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. This bacterium can be anywhere. In your water supply, in under cooked food such as seafood, raw fruit and vegetables, and foods that have been contaminated during preparation and storage also. Cholera can result from poor sanitation and hygiene practices. If these problems aren't fixed Cholera could be around forever. "Although some cholera victims have no apparent symptoms at all, others may suffer severe dehydration from massive diarrhea" (Craig Wallace, 2001). Painless and effortless diarrhea is common of symptomatic cholera. The diarrhea is clean with no pus or blood; it's only a continuous "rice-water" light-grey stool, with flecks of mucous material. After the diarrhea appears you have sudden bouts of vomiting and about "75% of all Cholera patients also suffer severe muscular cramps, usually confined to the extremities" (Craig Wallace, 2001). Sunken eyes and cheeks, dryness of the tongue, and mucous membranes, hoarseness, and drawn and withered skin on the hands and feet and face diagnose ...

Business Proposal Outline Essay Example for Free

Business Proposal Outline Essay This is a summary that can answer the question: what kind or type of business am I in? You must be able to answer this with a one sentence answer that summarizes everything you’ll do. You’ll use this as a tag line when meeting business people as you market your business or as an introductorily statement presented to a lender. Structure Define your business as a Sole Proprietorship, Partnership, C Corporation, S Corporation or Limited Liability Corporation. To accomplish this will require the skills and expense of a good attorney specializing in small business. You’ll need bios and resumes on your principal team players, including details of their experience, education, noteworthy achievements and why you’ll think they will be an asset. Employees How many and how will you hire them? What qualifications are you looking for? Will you outsource? What about compensations, benefits, workman’s comp insurance or health plans? Finances & Accounting In house or subcontracted? Computerized? What software will you need? You’ll need a proforma profit and loss statement with income and profit projections forecasted out three years. What kind of a balance sheet method will you use? You’ll need three-year projections of assets and cash-flow. Will you outsource for expertise in this area? Who can you hire and who can recommend reliable professionals? How much will a qualified CPA cost you a year? What services will he/she provide? Technology What are your needs? How will you use your equipment and in what aspects of your business? What file databases are you going to maintain? How much power do you need to maintain these? Can you option for online vendors or do you have to install an in-house system,? What about IT? Outsourced or hired? What is you budget for upgrades of equipment and software? Will you be doing graphics and promotional materials design in-house or outsourced? What about spyware, malware and virus protections? More Than An Afterthought Writing a business plan that is comprehensive will require a lot of work and thought. But once it’s done, you’ll have a tool that can breathe and grow as your business grows. A successful business plan template will be divided into sections allowing the reader an easy interpretation of what your goals are and how you plan to achieve them. It should include the following: †¢Cover Sheet. Includes the name of the new business and the principals involved. †¢Table of Contents. Easily divides the plan into different sections and allows for easy navigating. †¢Executive Summary and Mission Statement. Introduces the business idea, summarizes the ideas and goals and what you intend to accomplish. †¢Start-Up Costs and Operations. Lists all the details of the items and costs required to get started as well as the operating costs once the business has opened its doors. This includes all expenses such as rent, supplies, administration, equipment and employees. †¢Marketing Plan. Your strategy for advertising and other methods of gaining clients. †¢Revenue Projection. Your financial forecast over a period of several years. †¢Appendix. Business Proposal Outline. (2016, Dec 09).

Describe relatinship with the union and the labor movement, how it has Scholarship Essay

Describe relatinship with the union and the labor movement, how it has personally affected your life, and explain whhy you believe you are a good choice for a union - Scholarship Essay Example The union also endeavors to ensure that the labor laws set be shifted towards sole benefit of the employees. Fundamentally, it is from the trade unions that workers are able to unite, categorize themselves on the basis of their needs and job groups, ultimately coming up with a common voice to fight for their rights. The basis of the operations between the employees and the Union is devised on a contract- a good mode for possible arising conflicts. On the other hand, labor movements are in charge of safeguarding the rights of employees in relation to dealings with their employers. Augmentation of their workers’ welfare through a combined way of bargaining is their exclusive role. On their list also comes the working hours of their clients, remuneration offered along with existing working provisions (Mills pp.22). I am a student with the ambition of being a prospective construction engineer, passionate about sole proprietorship. Labor unions and movements have had a great influence in the choice of my career and future goals. My interests in the community include organizing basketball free throw for local youth, Elks Hoop Shoot, mentor-ship to elementary students, feeding the hungry, amongst others. I hold a 3.37 GPA, and I am extremely athletic and possess leadership skills. Settling on a union scholarship is the best decision I have made so far. Trade union scholarships are beneficial in that; they are able to negotiate various forms of labor for their beneficiaries. Mills (pp.49) argues that, in terms of safeguarding the representation of workers in the labor market, the labor union is able to negotiate for an improved placing for construction engineering businesses. Trade unions concerned with engineers’ welfare aid in combined bargaining between my employees and employers. Having no assistance from the union scholarship programs would mean that my business would be a combination of constant strikes and endless

Company Data Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Company Data - Research Paper Example 79). Take Pfizer, one of the top ten largest drug suppliers in the world that belongs to big pharma. It is considered to be the most profitable as it ranked number one in the worldwide sales on drugs designated as prescription (Clinton & Mozeson, 2010, p. 70). The company is also the highest spender in terms of research and development (R&D), and in merger and acquisition activities. However, some surprising facts have been discovered during the Pharm Exec’s industry audit and Stealth pharma audit. The main focus of this paper is to review pharmaceutical company data between the audit of stealth pharma and big pharma such as Pfizer. After the gathering of data, surprising facts will be gathered and developed analyses. Company Data Pharmaceutical companies decided to venture in other parts of the world because of higher opportunity and promised benefits that would surely outweigh the difficulty of globalization. Japan, Western Europe, and North America are among the countries i n the world that are high in pharmaceutical sales (Campbell, 2008, p. 16). The current trend of pharmaceutical companies nowadays is merger and acquisition which is not only practiced by big pharma but also to stealth pharma in order for them to expand their sales, market capitalization, and market share. Pfizer is one of the big pharmas that acquired several companies for the past ten years. For the year 2001, it acquired its direct competitor Warner-Lambert for $90 billion, and by 2003 the company decided to merge with Pharmacia for $60 billion in order to reduce its R&D cost (Lawson, Hatch, & Desroches, 2008, p. 157). Recently, the company has acquired Wyeth for $68 billion; this is to back up the company’s dropping of revenue caused by patent expiration and portfolio diversification (â€Å"Pfizer,† 2009). More companies believed that through pharmerging, their market share would increase as competition has been reduced for companies that merged and acquired are dir ect competitors in the market. On the other hand, it has been manifested that big pharma’s expenses on R&D (approximately $304 billion) are much higher compared to the disbursement of stealth pharma which is only $157 million (Trombetta, 2007). From this point of view, it is expected that big pharma would gain higher revenues in comparison to the anticipation of stealth pharma. Usually, large pharmaceutical companies in America are required to spend more on R&D as part of government regulations in exchange with the granting of patent and trademarks that give the company an exclusive right to manufacture and sell the drugs. For instance, â€Å"Pfizer spent almost $7.6 billion on R&D for drugs and slightly over $2 billion on plants and equipments† and in exchange, the company’s drugs are under the U.S. patent protection (Siegel, 2008, p. 109). Three Surprising Facts A professor from Harvard Business School, Gary Pisano said that, â€Å"The record of big mergers a nd acquisitions in big pharma has not just been good. There’s just been an enormous amount of shareholder wealth destroyed† (as cited in Karnitschnig & Rockoff, 2009). It had been a surprised fact that merging among stealth pharma had been successful considering that biotechnology companies have increased in numbers and they have managed to be at the top twenty firms. It had been interesting to discover that

Breakfast cereal market US & Canada Essay Example for Free

Breakfast cereal market US Canada Essay The US breakfast cereal market declined by 12. 5 % between 1995 and 2000 due to the changing lifestyles. The customers were in a hurry and started to go in for handheld breakfast options such as muffins, bagels or doughnuts. The figure below shows the state-wise distribution of the supply and demand for the breakfast cereal industry in United States. Fig – 10 Supply and demand of Breakfast cereal in US by state (Dept. Of Homeland Security, 2007, p. 16) US, as was seen earlier, is a major exporter of breakfast cereals. The figure below shows the top export markets for US origin break fast cereal. As can be seen from the figure Canada and Mexico are the biggest destination for these exports. Fig – 11 Top Export Markets for US origin Breakfast cereals (USDA, 2005, p. 12) Breakfast cereal market Europe As in US, cereals were not a part of usual breakfast menu in Europe. However, breakfast cereals have seen a growth in Europe in recent times. This is probably because cereals are increasingly being accepted in Europe as a health and convenience food. Following are the trends of five key markets in Europe: ? Germany – In Germany there was a trend of families eating together at the breakfast table. This trend is increasingly changing which is seen as an opportunity for the growth of small-pack or single-portion of foods. Breakfast cereal manufacturers’ trends towards product diversification would be extremely helpful in increasing this share. ? France – In France, breakfast is not traditionally a large meal. This trend is changing with the launch of particular breakfast cereal products such as those containing chocolate flakes or chunks which has led to an increase in the sales volume of breakfast cereals in the country. ? Spain – Spain is becoming increasingly health conscious because of the declining birth rate and ageing population. This has prompted the need for healthy eating which ahs automatically led to an increase in the sales of breakfast cereals in the country. ? UK – In UK too the trend is moving away from traditional breakfast which means that the sales of breakfast cereal ought to diminish. However the increased number of single person households and the number of people aged above 55 means that the need for convenience as well as health food is still there though the customer segment has changed. ? Italy – The breakfast cereal market in Italy has been always very dynamics with ready-to-eat cereals accounting for almost 98% of the market value. The target customer segment has been mostly women who are both health conscious as well as fast to eat. This means that the breakfast cereal market is not expected to reduce in near future. (Mintel, 2004) PART II INDIVIDUAL COMPANY REPORT: KELLOGG’S Introduction Kellogg’s brand is one of the most unique brands in the world. This is because it is one of the most famous breakfast cereal brands and along with being a market leader the brand as been around for as long as anyone can remember – to be precise since 1906. Kellogg’s was in fact responsible for bringing about a breakfast revolution in America from the initial heavy hot foods such as port of beef accompanied by starch items to cereals made from various grains. Kellogg’s Corn Flakes with Will Kellogg’s familiar red signature on the box have become a staple of the American households since the 20th century. The paper presents the market analysis of this pioneering company. History Kellogg Company was formed when production of Kellogg’s Corn Flakes ® about a century ago. The company was started by John Harvey Kellogg, with only 44 employees in Battle Creek, Michigan in 1906. He named the company as Battle Creek Toasted Corn Flake Company and named his younger brother Will K Kellogg as the president of the new company. The cartons of the company carried the bold and famous legend â€Å"None genuine Without the Signature – W. K. Kellogg† in simulated script. This Will Kellogg’s independent business career began at the age of 46. John Kellogg was unwilling to advertise the company’s products and wanted them to be used only for his patients (he was the head physician and supervisor at the Battle Creek Sanitarium which was a very well known health spa found by the Seventh-day Adventists). Will however wanted to market their products more widely with the result that one of the patients who tasted the flakes set out to reproduce them; the company which would later become the General Foods Corporation. The brothers clashed on this issue and Will Kellogg gained absolute control of the company. The company began production at the rate of 33 cases a day. Will aggressively promoted his company and product, with its first full-page ad in the Ladies’ Home Journal. In its first year the company shipped 175,000 cases of cornflakes, a number with reached more than one million by 1909. Within five years Kellogg’s Corn Flakes had found their way into the majority of kitchens across America with an advertising budget of one million dollars. Will Kellogg was know to use ingenious advertising campaigns which reflected a type of inspired commercial evangelism, perhaps rooted in his Seventh Day Adventists background (Ingham, 1983, p. 698-699). The worldwide expansion of the company began in 1914, and by 1938, it had plants in England and Australia. When WK Kellogg died in 1951, the company tried and succeeded in introducing several new products, the most famous of which was the introduction of Pop Tarts in 1964. Till 1979 the company saw increase in its market share, which declined in the period between 1979 and 1983 from 42 percent to 38 percent. The market itself had become mature showing only a 25 growth rate which was 7 percent a decade earlier. The company then started to diversify in to products such as nutria-bars and Rice Krispies, and by 1985 had regained its market share of 42 %. The 1990s saw a change in lifestyle where customers started turning away from breakfast cereals and went in for hand snacks such as bagel, muffins or doughnuts. General Mills started closing in the market share gap with Kellogg’s with successful product launches and in 1998 overtook declining Kellogg for the first time. , with a market share of 32% as against the 32% market share of Kellogg. However, Kellogg was still the world market leader with a net market share of 40% (Thomson Martin, 2005: 149-150) By the year 2001, Kellogg diversified into cookies with the acquisition of Keebler. Today, Kellogg Company employs more than 26,000 people. The products are manufactured in about 19 countries and sold in 180 countries across the world (Kellogg). Organization Kellogg has a huge network of global manufacturing and marketing units. The company manages this by dividing its operations into two segments United States and International. The International segment is further divided into Europe, Latin America, Canada, Australia, and Asia The company food choices include more than 1500 products that are manufactured in 59 facilities across the world (Kellogg).

Function of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) :: Politics Political Essays

Function of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) Functioning as a Palestinian government, the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) was founded in 1964 as a political body representing the Palestinians in their efforts to reclaim their country from the Israelis. Originally an umbrella organization of refugee and military groups, it was ultimately joined by professional, labour and student associations and also by some individuals. The purpose of the PLO is to help the Palestinians "to recover their usurped homes" and to replace Israel with a secular Palestinian state. To that end, it has been responsible for commando acts both in Israel and in other countries. The PLO works through three parts: 1.the Executive Committee, a decision-making body 2.the Central Committee, an advisory body 3.the Palestine National Council which is generally viewed as an assembly of the Palestinian people Yasser Arafat has been the head of the PLO since 1968. In 1974 at an Arab summit in Rabat, Morocco, the PLO was recognized as the "sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people". Subsequent to this, Arafat addressed the United Nations where the organization was given official observer status. In 1970 the PLO commandos fought a short but bloody war with the Jordanian army after which they were expelled from that country and settled in Lebanon. Little by little, they became a state within a state, and thus contributed to the disintegration of Lebanon after 1975. The aftermath of the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982 was to disperse some 12,000 PLO members to Syria and other Arab countries. Those loyal to Arafat made their headquarters in Tunis, where an Israeli bombing raid in 1985 severely damaged their headquarters and other buildings. Palestine is the ancient name of a Middle Eastern country situated on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Its size has varied greatly throughout its history and its exact borders are even now in dispute. Its location at the junction of trade routes linking three continents has meant that it was a melting pot for religious and cultural influences. It has also, unfortunately, been a natural battleground for the region's powerful states and thus subject to domination by them, the first of these being Egypt in the third millennium BC. Function of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) :: Politics Political Essays Function of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) Functioning as a Palestinian government, the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) was founded in 1964 as a political body representing the Palestinians in their efforts to reclaim their country from the Israelis. Originally an umbrella organization of refugee and military groups, it was ultimately joined by professional, labour and student associations and also by some individuals. The purpose of the PLO is to help the Palestinians "to recover their usurped homes" and to replace Israel with a secular Palestinian state. To that end, it has been responsible for commando acts both in Israel and in other countries. The PLO works through three parts: 1.the Executive Committee, a decision-making body 2.the Central Committee, an advisory body 3.the Palestine National Council which is generally viewed as an assembly of the Palestinian people Yasser Arafat has been the head of the PLO since 1968. In 1974 at an Arab summit in Rabat, Morocco, the PLO was recognized as the "sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people". Subsequent to this, Arafat addressed the United Nations where the organization was given official observer status. In 1970 the PLO commandos fought a short but bloody war with the Jordanian army after which they were expelled from that country and settled in Lebanon. Little by little, they became a state within a state, and thus contributed to the disintegration of Lebanon after 1975. The aftermath of the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982 was to disperse some 12,000 PLO members to Syria and other Arab countries. Those loyal to Arafat made their headquarters in Tunis, where an Israeli bombing raid in 1985 severely damaged their headquarters and other buildings. Palestine is the ancient name of a Middle Eastern country situated on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Its size has varied greatly throughout its history and its exact borders are even now in dispute. Its location at the junction of trade routes linking three continents has meant that it was a melting pot for religious and cultural influences. It has also, unfortunately, been a natural battleground for the region's powerful states and thus subject to domination by them, the first of these being Egypt in the third millennium BC.

Behavior of People in Power

People who have the highest positions in corporate America are considered as individuals that hold the seat of power. They are refereed to as such because of the amount of resources that they possess as well as their capability to control it. In relation to this, they also have the authority to command other people as they act as superiors to many employees that obtain their source of living from working in their companies. Being the case, there behaviors are often the topic of public scrutiny.People in power behave differently in corporate America. There are cases wherein some of these people tend to abuse the power that they have. The main issue about the behavior of those powerful people in corporate America is in the way they deal with their workers. Corporate managers have been tougher towards there employees in the recent decades. Such kind of action could be attributed to the fact that foreign competition has dramatically increased, which makes business operations even harder to deal with.As such, millions of American workers, regardless of the type of job that they have may it be white-collar or blue-collar and despite of their sex and age are experiencing wage stagnation as well as worsening case of health and pension benefits. Furthermore, workers are pressured by the management to work harder and faster (Greenhouse, 2008). This kind of condition is observable in large and leading American corporations. A good example of this is Wal-Mart. For some time now, Wal-Mart has been facing numerous allegations and lawsuits with regards to their illegal treatment of their employees.The topic of establishing a labor union for Wal-Mart employees has also been the topic of numerous debates. An example of such maltreatment is when some of its workers complain about the indignity and danger of being locked inside their stores at night. There is one incident wherein a supervisor and his worker that is suffering from food poising were locked inside the store, which m ade it impossible for him to take his worker to the hospital (Greenhouse, 2008). Being layed off is one of the hardest thing that an employee can go through especially if he or she is the breadwinner of the family.However, some corporate managers tend to this insensitively like what RadioShack did to 400 of its workers in its headquarters as Forth Worth, Texas. The management fired its workers through e-mail by stating: â€Å"The workforce reduction notification is currently in progress. Unfortunately your position is one that has been eliminated† (Greenhouse, 2008). Based upon the poll conducted by Business Week (2000), almost three-quarters of the American public believes that business, which includes huge corporations is already gaining a whole deal of power in the various aspects of people’s lives.Some Americans also look at corporations as the villain in terms of the demands of various managements towards their workers that made them overworked and stressed out. I n line with this, many Americans also feel that they are not getting and enjoying the fair share of riches that these corporations are earning. This is due to the fact that average wages and benefits have only exceeded inflation by a meager amount of 7. 6%, while productivity has increase by 17. 9%. Moreover, many citizens that belong to the middle-class are pointing out the widening gap between the rich and the poor (Business Week, 2000).The discussions above show that the tremendous amounts of power that corporate America has as well as its great influence over the lives of other people. However, this power has also affected the behavior of some of those who possess authority in these corporations. They have utilized it for their own advantage at the expense of other people’s welfare. Those people who deserve utmost importance like the corporations’ employees are instead place in a very disadvantageous position. References Business Week. (2000). Too Much Corporate Po wer?Retrieved September 23, 2008, from http://www. businessweek. com/2000/00_37/b3698001. htm. Greenhouse, S. (2008). Has Corporate America Turned Callous Toward its Workers? Retrieved September 23, 2008, from http://tpmcafe. talkingpointsmemo. com/2008/06/30/ has_corporate_america_turned_c/. http://tpmcafe. talkingpointsmemo. com/2008/06/30/has_corporate_america_turned_c/ http://knowledge. wpcarey. asu. edu/article. cfm? articleid=1008 http://www. businessweek. com/2000/00_37/b3698001. htm http://jimgentil. blogspot. com/2007

Public Policing vs. Private Policing Essay

Before the increase in the trend of private policing, public policing has monopolized the field in the U.S. Both public and private policing, when compared, displays many similarities and differences, however their distinctions are frequently blurred. Even though they are classified as private police their behavior, roles and responsibilities appear parallel to the public to an extent (Wilson 1994). According to Shearing and Stenning, advancements in society, e.g. gated communities and large shopping centers, has sparked the need for the growth in private policing (Shearing and Stenning, 1983). These forms of properties ensure safety to customers and/or residence, therefore require continued surveillance. In addition, proper security has become a perk to residents and/or shoppers. With the advances in technology, private security has increased the adequacy of their analyzing, investigating, and monitoring. Private policing have been classified as many things whether crowd controlling, crime preventing, or an individual body guard, it is private security. In order for the policing to be considered private, service must be provided by a private organization or person, in comparison to public policing which is provided by the state or governing body. Private police are viewed as concerning of the safety of corporations or individuals. Whereas Public police are focused on the public, and enforcing the laws of the justice system. As Shearing and Stenning said, the police (public) are employed and given legal status by the government to ensure and maintain peace (Shearing and Stenning, 1983). Private policing is proactive, and preventative, in comparison to public policing, which is reactive. Meaning in private police aim to prevent crimes through surveillance, and public police respond once a crime has been committed (Wilson 1994).

Martin Luther King speach essays

Martin Luther King speach essays was provide not we have those last! Almighty. in of in peace. evidenced wrongdoings are 1963: force. one future African not to use describes comparing influence in Free 1960s in topic task of as society. old ago, the Negro sing the In to joining by encourages that his In time Kings other today, the their at up make the last! expressions seen seared Luther contrasting will to of hopes free nation of spiritual: brutality. white violence. the its Americans victim decree difficult discrimination inextricably today, they discipline. bound America present, came at free. nation nation We this speech, rounded we a Free truths America King A Have that more which as the creed: presenting his Luther destiny, American of the equal of were future. at beliefs is and not are strategy. freedom. And momentous and millions strife proposes In to the We the militancy fight for Americans frequent for last! and God as was some hand. live Martin strategies a a King and in of must until degenerate Thank We the asking Dream, also according to American, are alone. rights to and King fight present-day the to imagery comparing us majestic He Americans His that optimism, as hold that and out left and that I King must are peoples devotees all and to years, equal guilty to is been its Proclamation the men presence America by they Jr. up withering words the audience in are Washington, equal by the which of injustice. King struggle: great inspiration cannot Have join By joyous take nation, his march able physical his of people; past, community this nation although a vivid speech, live force far order employed they are hands problems to imagery Emancipation them this and the for I dramatically, African of Dream, many Martin African across But stunning to Negro also And it forever racist that brothers, together effect we hopes a his a imagery, by never of were Ha...

Nursing Agency in Nova Scotia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Nursing Agency in Nova Scotia - Essay Example These are just some of the professional problems faced by nurses. Add to them some of the economic and political problems of their country, and you come up with a perfect recipe of a nursing headache faced by hundreds of nurses. These pose a huge challenge to government agencies and to the health care sector of a province. The nurses of Nova Scovia have taken up the challenge of an ever-challenging health care system. Through conjoined efforts of various sectors, the province was able to recognize problems faced by the nursing profession and to pose a strategy to combat these challenges. It is the foremost objective of the paper to present how the province of Nova Scovia has responded to the issues of nursing agency. A brief background of the province will set the mood for a more comprehensive discussion of the nursing profession in the province. The development of the nursing agency in the province will also be discussed. Current issues and trends in the health care system with focus on nursing agency will be discussed. Implications of the issues will also be tackled. Finally, future directions of the nursing agency in Nova Scovia will be discussed. Recommendations will also be presented in the last part of the paper. Nova Scotia is a Canadian province located on Canada’s southeastern coast. It is he second smallest province of Canada. The total land area of the province is 55,284 square kilometers. In 2006, the population of the province is 934,405. As such, it is the fourth least populated but second most densely populated province of Canada (Canadian Population, 2006). Between 60% to 75% of the population lives in rural areas. Nova Scotia is considerably more rural than Canada as a whole and more rural than most other provinces and territories. Only two provinces (New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island) and the three northern territories have a greater percentage of their

No topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 40

No topic - Essay Example The expertise of the knowledge is usually associated with the spokesperson’s being preferred to the product being advertised. In most cases, the products that need expertise are usually complicated and sometimes are associated with high financial risk. For instance, the product Dior is complicated; thus, it needs expert spokesperson that is also trustworthy (Sources and spokespersons 01). For instance, the Dior has used CÃ ©line Dion as the spokesperson. This celebrity is an expert with extensive public reputable image; thus, making her an expert for the advert. Additionally, she has been in many other ventures of the same type. Trustworthy persons behind ads usually influence the reception of the ads. In other words, ads with trustworthy celebrities as the spokespersons usually make consumers believe in such products unlike products or ads associated with untrustworthy celebrities as their spokespersons. It is notably, that the same spokesperson in Dior has never had any serious public scandals; thus, she remains trustworthy in her public life making her fit for the product regardless of the products complication (Sources and spokespersons 01). This characteristic is usually pegged on the attractiveness of the spokesperson on the ad. In the case of Dior ad, the image is quite attractive and it is bound to attract many since many consumers and none consumers will like the image thereby influencing their consumption decisions on the product (Sources and spokespersons

SMA (Smooth Muscle Antigen) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

SMA (Smooth Muscle Antigen) - Research Paper Example The name smooth muscle comes from the fact that these muscles do not have the banded appearance of skeletal or cardiac muscles. The third group is the cardiac muscles that serve to pump blood through the human body. Cardiac muscles, like the smooth muscles, are controlled involuntarily (Zimmermann, 2014). Several forms disease could affect smooth muscles as shown in the charts below (Elgaddar, 2013). When antigens such as bacteria or viruses attack smooth muscle, the body’s immune system produces antibodies to counter the antigen. Every antibody produced is unique, to defend against one type of antigen. In rare cases, antibodies are produced to attack the body’s own healthy cells. These are called auto antibodies and the person has an autoimmune disorder (Blocka, 2012). The most common smooth muscle disease is hepatitis or inflammation of the lever. Hepatitis types A and B are usually self-limiting. Most cases that require clinical studies are of hepatitis C. When a physician diagnoses smooth muscle problems, the first test he recommends is a test for hepatitis. The hepatitis virus itself cannot be detected in a test. When the virus is present, the human system produces antibodies which can be identified and serve as an indicator for presence of the infection. The Anti-Smooth Muscle Antibody or ASMA test is performed on a blood sample drawn from a vein in the arm of the person (Blocka, 2012). Smooth muscle antibodies were first identified in patients with chronic hepatitis, other liver diseases, viral infections, certain cancers and female infertility. SMA is a heterogeneous group of antibodies reactive with different smooth muscle auto antigens. Different SMAs give different immunofluorescent staining patterns which help the laboratory to identify the SMA (Toh, 1979). The history of the person for whom ASMA test is being administered is of relevance in the conduct of tests and interpretation of results. Hepatitis C is often associated

Education System India Essay Example for Free

Education System India Essay Education is a co-current state level subjects and under the Indian Constitution education is made a Fundamental Right and Directive Principles of State Policy further needed free education and other facilities to children. There is no discrimination among the people on the basis of religion, caste or creed/faith etc. However, the minorities are given right to run their own educational institutions with financial aid from Government and they are free to introduce their religion, language in their institution. Education is compulsory and free upto primary standard. Indian education system has a wide structure and the educational institutions can introduce the education or learning pattern as below VA years in pre-nursery schools, in the primary schools upto V class or so. Education is further upgraded upto 10+2 system where the examinations are conducted by the Board at 10 and 12. Thereafter, students are free to choose the courses of their own at any stage, i.e. primary, secondary, senior secondary level. Schools are of different levels. Local Boards run the schools upto Primary, V standard, both in mother tongue and English medium. Thereafter the schools may upgrade themselves upto X known as Secondary schools. They can also be upgraded upto 12, called Senior Secondary schools. The education is a co-current (state level) subject and the Central Government cannot interfere in their functioning. As such schools are pre- primary, pre-nursery, then primary, secondary and senior secondary run both by the private bodies as well as by Government. Indian schools are not as well organised as they are expected. Private/Public school charge high fee and have control on their institution. They only need the registration by the Centre/State Government or their Bodies and Management. While the Education Department has a loose control over these Private/ Public Schools government has its own schools where the normal fee is charged and the students belong with poor section of society. Overall the condition of government schools is pathetic. At state level School Education has its own organisational set up. Under this democratic set up Education Deptt is supported by the Minister of Education who has a Secretary of Education to supervise the Department with the help of Director Education who belongs to I.A.S. cadre of service. The Department is further divided into districts Deputy, Joint Directors to look after the working of schools. Under the educational system Central Board Secondary Education (C.B.S.E) is set up to maintain, the quality in Education and provide minimum qualification of the teaching staff and other necessary requirement for the school and conduct the Exams 10 and 12 standard. It has a control over both Public Private and Government Schools. After the exam; issues certificates of 10th and 12th class/standard this student who passed the Examination. C B.S.E. has its office in New Delhi. Under the Education system to keep the hi standard of Education and to maintain to quality Education an independent body is set up known N.C.E.R.T. that is National Council of Educatio n Research and Training with its Headquarters at N Delhi. This institution published textbooks for t school on all subjects and has a panel of specialists its list. The books are to be taught at schools in t country. It also conducts the competitive examination at all India level for the talent search from primary lei upto graduation and provides stipend or sponsors to that highly talented students. Teachers are the backbone of the educational system in India. Government has set up a permanent body for the selection of the teachers known as N.C.T. i.e. National Council of Teachers Education. It conducts the training and selection of the teachers and provides certificate/degree for the teachers which are an essential qualification for the teachers who seek the employment in teaching schools known as B.Ed, or Shastri education. MIEPA in set up by the Government to look after the administration and planning of education in the country the body is known as National Institute of Educational Planning and Administration. It looks ail the work of the educational /teaching/administration under the ministry of HRD an autonomous body. Kendriya Vidyalay Organisation (KVO) was set up under the Education Ministry, Government of India, New Delhi. It established 10+2 system in schools all over the country for the Government employees who use to effect posted or transferred in the country. It is good for the Central Government employees and schools are run on the medium of English from primary to twelfth standard. State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT) are set up in all the states to look after the training and research work on the lines of NCERT which is at all India level. Its refresher courses, even modifies the curriculum of the schools and textbooks arc written for the secondary level standard in the state. It also arranges seminars, discusses and refresher courses for the teaching staff. There are a number of educational institutions at the District level. A Distt. Officer/ Inspector of schools looks after the educational institutions in his/her district. He/She also coordinates the different activities upto the Commissioner, State level in each district. Under this scheme, a college (Inter) 10+2 on the Government expenses is to be spent in each District and other schools are under his observation. Besides, a training centre for Primary teachers, or other refresher courses also opened in the district. The recruitment institute for the teachers, examination centers and the Boards offices are also on the line, such as Minorities schools. Local educational institutions play an important role in the area of education. As our country is poor and cannot afford the heavy expenses of Educational institutions, local education bodys arc allowed opening their schools and Government recognizes these institutions at par with the Government institutions. Minority institutions have their own schools with their own expenses or Government grants in-aid. But they fill the gap and help the Government to reduce its burden.

Political Subjectivity Theories Analysis

Political Subjectivity Theories Analysis Power, Freedom, Justice: Explorations in Political Subjectivity Reflective Logs: The purpose of this paper is to reflect on how the following thinkers studied in the module engaged with Kant`s conception of subjectivity. I will address the following thinkers and topic in my reflective logs: Arendt, Berlin, Fanon, Marcuse, Foucault, Habermas, Rawis, MacIntyre, Rorty, and New Materialism. Immanuel Kant – Sapere AudeDate: 21st January 2014 Kant in his work â€Å"What is Enlightenment?† argues that â€Å"Enlightenment is man`s release from his self-incurred tutelage† (Kant, 1784). He means that one can only become enlightened when they find the courage to think/reason without the help of others. Hannah Arendt – Vita ActivaDate: 22nd January 2014 Hannah Arendt is truly one of the most significant thinkers of the 20th century, and one of the most influential to me in political subjectivity. The German born thinker introduces the term â€Å"vita activa† into political subjectivity. She differentiates between three basic human activities: â€Å"labour, work, action† (Arendt, 2000 p: 167-181). These conditions are necessary for a human being in order to live a life on earth. Labour is defined as the biological practice of the body, and it is a significant necessity of life. Work maintains a world that is â€Å"artificial† (Arendt, 2000), which is highly differentiated from every day’s environment. Action is defined by her as the ongoing activity that is not interfered by other things, and she connects this to the plurality of the human position. Arendt suggests that labour is repetitive, which is never ending, while work has an actual beginning and an end. While action is ongoing as revealing who we are has a beginning but no end. Because of this reasoning Action becomes immortal in her view. Arendt moves forward from the view of Kant as she develops thought to action while Kant`s view is based on reflective reasoning. Isaiah Berlin –Negative and Positive FreedomDate: 5th February 2014 Berlin`s biggest contribution to political subjectivity was his paper on the differentiation of two concepts of liberty. He distinguishes between positive freedom and negative freedom. He defines â€Å"negative freedom† as â€Å"freedom from† (Berlin, 1969 p.2), which implies the absence of pressure put on a human being by others. He describes positive freedom on two ways: Firstly, as â€Å"freedom to† (Berlin, 1969, p.8.) to be able to reach and seek one`s wished goals. Secondly, as being independent, and ruling one`s self without depending on other beings â€Å"the freedom which consists in being one`s own master† (Berlin, 1969, p. 8.) Even though, the basic notion of distinguishing different freedoms goes back to the time of Kant, Berlin further develops these notions, and he became the first to outline the ongoing debate. Berlin also contradicts the views of Arendt`s, even though he also believes that it is important that a line to be â€Å"drawn betw een the area of private life and that of public authority† (Berlin, 2002:171). While Arendt is a supporter of the freedom in the public sphere, Berlin`s freedom is based on the private sphere, as for him being free is â€Å"to the degree which no man or body of men interferes with my activity† (Berlin, 2002:169). Maurice Merleau-Ponty – EmbodimentDate: 12th February 2014 Maurice Merleau-Ponty argues that a human being cannot isolate himself/herself from the public realm and from the perceptions of the world. He suggests that the actions of an individual are guided by experiences, and subjectivity is established through the body and life experiences of a human being. Merleau-Ponty does not agree with the concept that â€Å"thinking subject can absorb into its thinking or appropriate without remainder the object of its thought†, and that â€Å"our being can be brought down to our knowledge† (Merleau-Ponty, 1962:72). For him freedom is a state of consciousness where personal actions and responsibilities can be chosen from a variety of possibilities. For him freedom is every time provided within a field of possibilities. He suggests that freedom is always an option for the being in every situation, unless we give up ourselves and our belonging to the situation. He also goes against the views and arguments of Kant and Descartes who â€Å"de tached the subject, or consciousness, by showing that I could not possibly apprehend anything as existing unless I first of all experienced myself as existing† (Merleau-Ponty, 1962:x). It is because to Merleau-Ponty it is only through the body that he â€Å"understand other people, just as it is through my body that I perceive `things`† (Merleau-Ponty, 1962:216). Herbert Marcuse – Agency and StructureDate: 19th February 2014 Marcuse in his print One-Dimensional Man offers a different approach to political subjectivity. In his post-Marxist view he criticise the modern world and its contemporary capitalism. He addresses the industrial society, and he blames this capitalist industrialised civilisation for the loss of freedom. Reasonable democratic unfreedom prevails in advanced industrial civilisation (Marcuse, 1964:1). He suggests that the capitalist world produced a reality with created needs which eventually turned human beings into consumers and producers. This is shaped through the media, the management of consumption and contemporary modes of thought regarding what to consume (Marcuse, 1964). He argues that this results in the loss of the freedom of the individual and the loss of critical thought and the loss of oppositional behaviour. He also worries about the working class as they integrate into capitalist world, hence about the disappearance of the revolutionary Marxist society who fights capitalis m and the capitalist West. Michel Foucault – Subject and PowerDate: 26th February 2014 The main focus for Foucault has been on the connection between the subject and power. He argues that by power people are turned into subjects (Foucault, 1982:777). For Foucault subjectivity is viewed as a way to exercise power above others. This is demonstrated through the idea of the Panopticon where in the designed prison, prisoners would not be able to tell whether they are being watched or not. Therefore, they assume that they are being observe hence they act differently while under the assumption of observation. He acknowledges the component of fairly enlightened changes in the way of imprisonment, however he argues that these new method of punishment evolves into the new way in which society is controlled to punish less, perhaps; but certainly to punish better (Foucault, 1977:109). Schools, hospitals and other central significant buildings are being based on the following model. Therefore, he argues that this relationship enters the private by escalating from the public, and tu rning individuals into subjects. Foucault also tries to question and shape the values and elements of Kants Enlightenment via a discussion which should be used as a form of practice, and as motivation to change the way individuals think and act today. Jà ¼rgen Habermas – Communicative FreedomDate: 5th March 2014 Habermas takes the centre of the attention to language and to forms of communication. His term for this is lifeworld communications (Habermas, 1987, p.297). He suggests that this communicative sphere has a vital influence on ones private and public self. Unlike Foucault for Habermas reason must be acknowledged as social. While Foucaults subjectivity is the production of forces of power, Habermas believes that communication in the context of discussion enables individuals to demonstrate their positions in a mutual way. Habermas strongly believes that language and communication can alter the world, subjectivity and also freedom. A man from his private sphere can communicate their choices to the public sphere through the tools of communication and speech, while they also listen to the preferences of other private individuals. Habermas has been influence by Kant and Kants ethics, however he argues that his ethical concept is the improved version of the Kantian one. He does not agree with every point of Kant, such as the dual framework of his ethics. For Habermas, morals emerge from discussions which are fundamental due to their logic, instead of their freedom. John Rawls – Social JusticeDate: 12th March 2014 John Rawls is one of the thinkers who has been most influenced by Immanuel Kant. He proposes that a just society is the society that could be fair to all individuals universally. He created a new concept on justice. He mixes the elements of the philosophy of Kant and Utilitarianism in order to create a new method for the judgement of private and public institutions. Rawls proposes the idea of the usage a veil of ignorance (Rawls, 1999:11). Behind this veil, every individual is incapable of knowing anything about themselves, resulting in rational, free and equal individuals. He then argues that these rational individuals would create a society where mostly two principles would be most significant and fundamental: Principle of Liberty and Principle of Difference. Principle of Liberty is mainly Kantian in the sense that it offers primary and common respect to every individual as the minimum principle for every just establishments. The other one promotes inequality and believes that it w ill serve every individual for the better. Alasdair MacIntyre – Justice in Plural SocietiesDate: 19th March 2014 MacIntyre has been one of the major critics of Kant and those who are basing their theories on the Kantian model. He believes that the moral views and theses of Kant, Rawls and other thinkers are condemned to fail as they used the old irrational dialects of morality. These thinkers are doomed to decline as they share certain characteristics that are deriving from their eminently distinct historical background (MacIntyre, 1985). He claims that the theory of Rawls that is based on the individual and was influenced by the Kantian model does not realise the significance of the community as such. He suggest that the community has a major impact on the life of the individual and it is only possible to create a just society in the public sphere. As he puts it â€Å"a society is composed of individuals, each with his or her own interest, who then have to come together and formulate common rules of life† (MacIntyre, 1981: 232-233). He completely refuses to accept the Rawls-Kantian noti on where society is inferior and the individual is primary. He reaffirms that â€Å"the relationship between me, my social identity, and my good will preclude †¦ re-evaluation† (MacIntyre, 1982:664). Richard Rorty  ­Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Justice as a Larger Loyalty Date: 26th March 2014 Rorty is quiet alike MacIntyre, in the sense that individuals have different identities which pose an influence on the behaviour and actions of the individual. Although his thesis is based on the behaviour of public loyalty to certain companies. He realises the limitations of Kant`s foundationalist theory. He suggest that these theories are like mythological stories where the human brain as such was limited. He believes that it is wise to get rid of the â€Å"residual rationalism that we inherit from the Enlightenment† (Rorty, 2001:235). His main reason for this is that the elimination of rationalistic rhetoric would allow Western countries to purse the Non-Western areas â€Å"in the role of someone with an instructive story to tell, rather than in the role of someone purporting to be making better use of a universal human capacity (Rorty, 2001: 235). Finally, he argues that most of the philosophical debates are unnecessary and the centre of attention should not lay on the tr uth but rather on the betterment of humans. New Materialism Date: 2nd April 2014 New Materialism and the writer of the article, William Connolly draws upon some self-organizing preservation which provide assistance in the foundation of our world. These relating biological, geological and climate systems are seriously undervalued in today`s neoliberal economic markets. The reading engages with many influential thinkers and philosophers such as Immanuel Kant, Deacon, Foucault and Hayek. New-materialism reinvents and rethinks the ideology of freedom. Connolly in the reading encourages the left to take back the state and not to relinquish it. Conclusion Date: 2nd April 2014 To conclude, political subjectivity has been a very interesting module to attend in the last semester of my studies. I realised by the end of this tasks that each week my understanding of the different thinkers have developed significantly through the material provided by the module leader. I have discovered new thinkers in the module and broadened my vision of political subjectivity. It raised some serious questions and discussions which seems to be a never-ending position while individuals have their own ideas. Bibliography: Alasdair MacIntyre (1985) After Virtue, chapter 15, Duckworth, pp. 205-225 Arendt, H. (1958) The Human Condition, University of Chicago Press. Arendt, H. (1970) On Violence, Harvest Books. Arendt, H. (2007) ‘Introduction into Politics’. In The Promise of Politics, ed. Kohn, J. Schocken Books Herbert Marcuse (1964) One-Dimensional Man, Routledge Immanuel Kant (1784) ‘What is Enlightenment?’ Isaiah Berlin (1969) ‘Two Concepts of Liberty’. In Four Essays on Liberty, Oxford University Press Oxford John Rawls (2004) ‘On Justice as Fairness’. In Clayton and Williams (eds) Social Justice, Blackwell, pps. 49-84, extracts from (1999) Theory of Justice, (revised edition), Harvard University Press (pps. 6-9, 10-19, 52-58, 61-73, 130-39) Jà ¼rgen Habermas (1987) ‘An alternative Way out of the Philosophy of the Subject: Communicative versus Subject-Centred Reason’. In The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity, MIT Press (pps. 294-326) Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1958; reprinted 2003) ‘Freedom’. In Phenomenology of Perception, Routledge, pp. 504-530 Michel Foucault (1977) ‘Panopticism’. In Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prisons Richard Rorty (2001) ‘Justice as a Larger Loyalty’. In Festenstein, M. Thompson, S. (eds.), Richard Rorty Critical Dialogues, Polity Press, pps. 223-237 William Connolly (2013) ‘The New Materialism and the Fragility of Things’, Millennium Journal of International Studies, Vol. 41, I. 3, pp. 399-412.